Cigarette Smoking on Severity of Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma in Malay Patients

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the association between cigarette smoking and the severity of primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) in Malay patients residing in Malaysia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 150 Malay PACG patients between April 2014 and August 2016. Ocular examination was performed including Humphrey visual field (HVF) 24-2 analysis assessment. On the basis of the 2 consecutive reliable HVFs, the severity of glaucoma was scored according to modified Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS) by 2 masked investigators and classified as mild, moderate, and severe. Those with retinal diseases, neurological diseases, memory problem, and myopia ≥4 diopters were excluded. Their smoking status and details were obtained by validated questionnaire from Singapore Malay Eye Study (SiMES). The duration of smoking, number of cigarettes per day, and pack/year was also documented. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted. Results: There was a significant association between education level and severity of PACG (P=0.001). However, there was no significant association between cigarette smoking and severity of glaucoma (P=0.080). On the basis of multivariate analysis, a linear association was identified between cigarette smoked per day (adjusted b=0.73; 95% CI: 0.54, 1.45; P<0.001) and body mass index (adjusted b=0.32; 95% CI: 0.07, 1.35; P=0.032) with AGIS score. Conclusions: There was no significant association between cigarette smoking and severity of PACG. Cigarette smoked per day among the smokers was associated with severity of PACG. However, because of the detrimental effect of smoking, cessation of smoking should be advocated to PACG patients.

Effects of Arterial Stiffness on Visual Field Severity and Progression in Malay Patients with Primary Open Angle Glaucoma

“…The Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS) score was applied to four reliable and reproducible visual fields to group the patients according to severity and determine disease progression (24). The AGIS scoring was applied for numerical score (actual score) but the categorical severity of glaucoma was modified as : mild, 0-5; moderate, 6-11; and severe, 12-20 (25,26). In this modified categorical severity, the early and end-stage were combined as mild and severe respectively (25,26).…”

“…The AGIS scoring was applied for numerical score (actual score) but the categorical severity of glaucoma was modified as : mild, 0-5; moderate, 6-11; and severe, 12-20 (25,26). In this modified categorical severity, the early and end-stage were combined as mild and severe respectively (25,26). Severity was assessed on the basis of the two most recent visual fields obtained using the HFA.…”

“…The SphygmoCor system automatically calculated the augmentation index (Aix). The higher the Aix, the stiffer the artery (25).…”

“…The SphygmoCor probe was then placed at the two marking points to obtain the waveform, and measurements were taken twice. The mean of the measurements was recorded as PWV, with higher PWV values indicating stiffer arteries (25).…”

The life style of glaucoma patients: a scientific rationale for basic recommendations

“…Согласно современным представлениям, курение -один из наиболее важных факторов риска, угрожающих здоровью человека. Недавние исследования показали, что у курильщиков снижается кровоснабжение глаза [47,48]. Длительное курение, как известно, наносит ущерб как мелким, так и крупным кровеносным сосудам.…”