CIGS thin-film solar cells on steel substrates

Wuerz, Roland; Eicke, A.; Frankenfeld, M.; Keßler, Friedrich; Powalla, Michael; Rogin, P.; Yazdani-Assl, O.

doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2008.11.016

Cited by 141 publications

(56 citation statements)

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“…The STS (Cr steel) with a thickness of 127 µm, which is already commercialized for thin film solar cell by POSCO, was used as a substrate because the thermal expansion of Cr steel is lower than that of nickel (Ni)-Cr steel [8]. The solar grade of Cr steel also has a much finer surface compared to conventional Cr and Ni-Cr steel.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, these types of impurities must be decreased for application in electronic devices. The outdiffusion of impurities is an especially critical problem because the deposition of copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) thin film is performed at over 550 o C substrate temperature using a co-evaporation method [8]. If monolithic integration technology of the solar cell devices is applied for fabricating solar modules on electrically conducting substrates, the deposition of a dielectric barrier is necessary for insulation and diffusion barrier [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Metal Barrier Layer for Flexible Solar Cell Devices on Stainless Steel Substrates

Kim

2017

Appl. Sci. Converg. Technol.

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A thin metal layer of molybdenum is placed between the conventional barrier layer and the stainless steel substrate for investigating the diffusion property of iron (Fe) atoms. In this study, the protection probability was confirmed by measuring the concentration of out-diffused Fe using a SIMS depth profile. The Fe concentration of chromium (Cr) barrier layer with 10 nm molybdenum (Mo) layer is 5 times lower than that of Cr barrier without the thin Mo layer. The insertion of a thin Mo metal layer between the barrier layer and the stainless steel substrate effectively protects the out-diffusion of Fe atoms.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Metal Barrier Layer for Flexible Solar Cell Devices on Stainless Steel Substrates

Kim

2017

Appl. Sci. Converg. Technol.

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“…In thin film CIGS solar cell, sputter is also a very common deposition process for thin film. Buffer layer (CdS or ZnO) and transparent conductive oxide (TCO, such as ITO, ZnO, ZnMgO and In 2 S 3 etc) can be deposited by sputtering (Hariskos et al, 2005;Nakada & Mizutani, 2002;Wuerz et al, 2009;Kylner, 1999;Bhattacharya et al, 2001;Ennaoui et al, 2001;Ohashi et al, 2001;Delahoy et al, 2004;AbuShama et al, 2004;Contreras et al, 1999;Romeo et al, 2003). CIGS absorber layer also can be deposited by sputter.…”

Section: Magnetron Sputteringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Individual layer thicknesses are approximate and may differ somewhat among laboratories. The substrates can be glass (NAKADA & MIZUTANI, 2002), metal foils (Wuerz et al, 2009) or plastics (Huang et al, 2004). The most common substrate is soda-lime glass, which is about 1-3 mm thickness.…”

Section: Structure Of a Cigs Thin-film Solar Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanocomposites for Photovoltaic Energy Conversion

Zeng¹,

Gan²

2011

Advances in Composite Materials for Medicine and Nanotechnology

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Induction Composite materialsA composite is a multiphase solid material. It is incorporated by two or more individual materials through physical or chemical methods. The performance of different materials to complement each other will produce synergistic effects (Ivanov et al., 2008;Lu et al., 2010). The overall property of composite materials is better than that of each original material to meet different requirements. These properties include mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, electrochemical, catalytic behaviors etc. For example (Lu et al., 2010), investigating the synergistic effect of carbon nano-fiber (CNF) and carbon nano-paper on the shape recovery of shape memory polymer (SMP) composite shows that the combination of CNF and carbon nano-paper can improve the thermal and electrical conductivities of the SMP composite, which are much better than each of the components. The individual materials in a composite are referred to as two constituent materials. The two constituent materials are matrix and reinforcement. The matrix material is a frame to support the reinforcement material. So the reinforcement material can keep its relative position. The reinforcement is a functional material which can enhance the matrix properties. Composite metal matrix (substrates) includes aluminum, copper, titanium, magnesium and its alloys and nonmetallic matrix includes synthesized resin, rubber, ceramics, graphite and carbon and so on. Reinforcement mainly includes glass fiber, carbon fiber, boron fiber , aramid fiber, silicon carbide fiber , asbestos fiber, whisker, metal wire and fine grain etc. In order to make use of synergistic effect to improve composite properties, optimum combination of matrix and reinforcement should be chosen. Nanocomposites and their propertiesA nanocomposite is a special composite where one of the phases has one, two or three dimensions less than 100 nanometers (nm, 10 -9 m). A nanocomposite also includes the material where the structures between the different phases that make up the material are in nano-scale (Beecroft & Ober, 1997). In the broadest sense, nanocomposites can also include porous media, colloids, gels and polymers, because in these materials the particles or structures are in nano scale. One nanometer is equivalent to the length to tightly line up www.intechopen.com Advances in Composite Materials for Medicine and Nanotechnology 212 10~100 atoms. Nano-materials include nano-powders, nano-fibers, nano-particles and nanothin films. Their structures are between atom (molecular) size and macro size. Materials in nano-scale have special effects such as quantum size effect, surface effect, small-size effect and macroscopic quantum tunneling effect etc. Quantum size effectQuantum size effect is one of the fundamental physical properties of nano-particles. When the particle size decreases to a nano-scale, the electronic energy levels of the particle atom become discrete and the energy gap becomes wider. This phenomenon is called quantum size effect. This effect does not come into ...

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“…Here, we focus on advantages of the lift-off process in fabrication of flexible Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) thin film solar cells. For example, for the fabrication process where CIGS layers were directly grown on flexible substrates, Ti foils (Hartmann et al, 2000;Herz et al, 2003;Ishizuka et al, 2009a;Kapur et al, 2002;Kessler et al, 2005;Yagioka & Nakada, 2009), Cu steel sheets (Herz et al, 2003), Mo foils (Kapur et al, 2002, stainless steel sheets (Britt et al, 2008;Gedhill et al, 2011;Hashimoto et al, 2003 ;Kessler et al, 2005;Khelifi et al, 2010;Pinarbasi et al, 2010;Satoh et al, 2000Satoh et al, , 2003Shi et al, 2009;Wuerz et al, 2009), Al foils (Brémaud et al, 2007), Fe/Ni alloy foils (Hartmann et al, 2000), ZrO 2 sheets (Ishizuka et al, 2008a(Ishizuka et al, , 2008b(Ishizuka et al, , 2009b(Ishizuka et al, , 2010, and polyimide (PI) films Caballero et al, 2009;Hartmann et al, 2000;Ishizuka et al, 2008c;Kessler et al, 2005;Rudmann et al, 2005;Zachmann et al, 2009;), are used as flexible substrates. Since these materials do not include Na, other processes to introduce Na are required (Caballero et al, 2009;Ishizuka et al, 2008a;Keyes et al, 1997).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%