Circadian rhythms in axillary skin surface pH

Burry, J.; Coulson, Helen; Roberts, G.P.

doi:10.1046/j.1467-2494.2001.00092.x

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Le Fur et al [10] found the lowest values around 4.00 a.m. with a plateau during daytime. The axillae showed a significant decrease during a single evening series of measurements (5.49 B 0.23) compared to a single morning measurement (5.87 B 0.23) [11]. Again, these data suggest the influence of hormones underlying a circadian cycle like glucocorticosteroids.…”

Section: /Eliasmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…Recent studies also report a circadian rhythm of skin surface pH of the forearm, shin, axillae and facial regions [10][11][12]. Yosipovitch et al [12] reported SC pH maxima between 2.00 and 4.00 p.m., with minimal values around 8.00 p.m.…”

Section: /Eliasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, contradictory results have been reported regarding surface pH. For example, several authors reported a circadian rhythm of skin surface pH [10][11][12] on the forearm, shin, axillae and facial regions. Although these results may partially account for the contradictory data, new evidence is emerging not only confirming the existence of an acidic SC gradient, but also delineating possible mechanisms for the generation of this acidic SC gradient.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stratum corneum pH: Formation and Function of the ‘Acid Mantle’

Fluhr¹,

Elias²

2002

Exog Dermatol

169

112

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Although the acidic surface pH of the skin has been known for over a century, the stratum corneum (SC) pH gradient has been discovered only recently. After removal of SC layers with sequential tape strips, in humans, surface pH starts at 4.5–5.3, increasing by about 2–3 units until it reaches 6.8 in the lower SC. Both exogenous [free fatty acids (FFA) from sebaceous lipid, microbial metabolites, lactic acid from eccrine glands] and endogenous epidermal (enzymatic; membrane antiporters/pumps) mechanisms have been hypothesized to contribute to SC acidification. Three endogenous mechanisms have been identified to date that not only could influence SC pH, but also regulate one or more key SC functions: (1) the histidine-to-urocanic-acid pathway; (2) the phospholipid-to-FFA pathway, and (3) the sodium proton antiporter (NHE1). Additional factors that influence human surface pH have been detected. Endogenous factors, unrelated to pathological features, such as racial differences, topographical variation, gender differences, developmental and age-related changes have been reported. In contrast to adults, human newborn SC displays a near-neutral surface pH, which declines rapidly over the first postnatal month. Furthermore, endogenous factors have been described, as in atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, diabetes, renal insufficiency and ichthyosis associated with an increased pH. Exogenous factors, like the use of detergents and cleansing products as well as SC hydration, can modify the surface pH. The consequences of SC acidification for several key SC functions are becoming clear, including (1) the role of an acidic pH for SC permeability barrier homeostasis, (2) the pH dependence of extracellular lipid processing and (3) SC integrity/cohesion. Integrity is defined as a measure of resistance to dissociation of adjacent corneocytes by tape stripping (cohesion is a related index defined as the amount of protein removed per stripping). (4) Proteolytic processes leading to desquamation are pH dependent, and (5) an acidic pH provides important antimicrobial resistance.

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Section: /Eliasmentioning

confidence: 68%

Section: /Eliasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Stratum corneum pH: Formation and Function of the ‘Acid Mantle’

Fluhr¹,

Elias²

2002

Exog Dermatol

169

112

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…All subjects were measured in an air-conditioned room under standardized climatic conditions after an acclimatization period of at least 20 min. As skin surface pH decreases slightly during normal working hours in both genders [1,18] , no difference in time of the day between measurements in men and women was allowed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Difference of in vivo Skin Surface pH in the Axilla and the Effect of a Standardized Washing Procedure with Tap Water

Williams

Davids

Reuther

et al. 2005

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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The purpose of our study was to evaluate the axillary skin surface pH and explore potential gender-related differences together with the influence of a washing procedure in healthy subjects. After a run-in period, the skin surface pH was measured in vivo in 10 men and 10 women under standardized conditions in three distinct locations of each axilla (at baseline and up to 6 h after washing). Potential interfering influences were thoroughly excluded. Our study revealed a statistically significant difference in axillary skin surface pH between men and women with more acidic values in females (p ≤ 0.001). The baseline axillary pH before washing was 6.58 ± 0.63 (right) and 6.67 ± 0.65 (left) in men compared to 5.8 ± 0.53 (right) and 5.94 ± 0.62 (left) in women. The difference between the right and left armpit was not statistically significant (p > 0.05) in any group. After standardized washing procedures with pure tap water, the mean axillary pH decreased significantly in women at all measurement times [lowest value 60 min after washing: 5.51 ± 0.7 (right) and 5.64 ± 0.7 (left)], while it slightly increased in men [highest value 240 min after washing: 6.7 ± 0.59 (right) and 6.78 ± 0.69 (left)]. In summary, there is a gender difference in axillary skin surface pH. Washing with water further increased the difference between male and female pH values.

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“…This odourant acid was detected in a larger amount than its dehydroxylated analogue (3M2H) [12]. HMHA might be a precursor of 3M2H, resulting from an acid-catalysed dehydrolysis reaction [40]. HMHA, 3M2H and 28 other acids were determined to be degradation products of leucine, isoleucine and tyrosine [39].…”

Section: Odourous Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body malodours and their topical treatment agents

Kanlayavattanakul

Lourith

2011

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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SynopsisBody malodour, including foot odour, suppresses social interaction by diminishing self-confidence and accelerating damage to the wearer's clothes and shoes. Most treatment agents, including aluminium anti-perspirant salts, inhibit the growth of malodourous bacteria. These metallic salts also reduce sweat by blocking the excretory ducts of sweat glands, minimizing the water source that supports bacterial growth. However, there are some drawback effects that limit the use of aluminium anti-perspirant salts. In addition, over-the-counter anti-perspirant and deodourant products may not be sufficiently effective for heavy sweaters, and strong malodour producers. Body odour treatment agents are rarely mentioned in the literature compared with other cosmetic ingredients. This review briefly summarizes the relationship among sweat, skin bacteria, and body odour; describes how odourous acids, thiols, and steroids are formed; and discusses the active ingredients, including metallic salts and herbs, that are used to treat body odour. A new class of ingredients that function by regulating the release of malodourants will also be described. These ingredients do not alter the balance of the skin flora. Ré suméLes mauvaises odeurs corporelles, y compris celles des pieds, atté-nue l'interaction sociale en diminuant la confiance en soi et favorisant des dommages aux vêtements et aux chaussures portés. La plupart des agents inclus dans les traitements, y compris les sels d'aluminium antiperspirants, inhibent la croissance de bactéries malodorantes. Ces sels métalliques réduisent aussi la sueur en bloquant les canaux excréteurs des glandes sudoripares, réduisant ainsi au minimum l'eau, source de la croissance bactérienne. Cependant, il y a quelques inconvénients qui limitent l'utilisation de sels d'aluminium anti-transpirants. De plus, les produits antiperspirants et déodorants OTC peuvent ne pas être suffisamment efficaces pour des personnes produisant une grande quantité de sueur et producteurs de fortes odeurs. Les agents actifs sur les Odeurs corporelles sont rarement mentionnés dans la littérature comparativement à d'autres Ingrédients cosmétiques. Cette revue récapitule brièvement la relation entre la Sueur, les bactéries cutanées et l'odeur corporelle; elle décrit comment des acides odorants, des thiols, et des stéroïdes sont formés; et examine les principes actifs, y compris les sels métalliques et les végétaux utilisés pour traiter l'odeur corporelle. Une nouvelle classe d'ingrédients dont la fonction est de réguler la libération de mauvaises odeurs est également décrite. Ces ingrédients ne modifient pas l'équilibre de la flore cutanée.

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Circadian rhythms in axillary skin surface pH

Cited by 16 publications

References 11 publications

Stratum corneum pH: Formation and Function of the ‘Acid Mantle’

Stratum corneum pH: Formation and Function of the ‘Acid Mantle’

Gender Difference of in vivo Skin Surface pH in the Axilla and the Effect of a Standardized Washing Procedure with Tap Water

Body malodours and their topical treatment agents

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