Gender Difference of in vivo Skin Surface pH in the Axilla and the Effect of a Standardized Washing Procedure with Tap Water

Williams, S.; Davids, Miriam; Reuther, T.; Kraus, Doris; Kerscher, Martina

doi:10.1159/000086671

Cited by 21 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…This result is in agreement with others [41] . Although the study on Caucasians aged 26-59 years showed that fe- males have a lower skin surface pH on the forearm and axilla [33,34] , studies here demonstrated that skin surface pH on both the forehead of females aged 13-70 and the forearm of females aged 36-70 was higher than that of males. The difference may be due to sample size and/or the subjects' ethnicities.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

“…In contrast, the sebum content is significantly higher in younger than in older subjects [29,30] . Although skin surface pH is reportedly higher in females than in males [31,32] , a lower surface pH has also been reported in females [33,34] . Regarding SC hydration, the results are also contradictory, which is largely due to the limited number of subjects studied.…”

mentioning

confidence: 90%

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Variation of Skin Surface pH, Sebum Content and Stratum Corneum Hydration with Age and Gender in a Large Chinese Population

Man

Xin

Shu-min

et al. 2009

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

222

225

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Background and Objectives: Evidence suggests the importance of skin biophysical properties in predicting diseases and in developing appropriate skin care. The results to date of studies on skin surface pH, stratum corneum (SC) hydration and sebum content in both genders and at various ages have been inconclusive, which was in part due to small sample size. Additionally, little is known about the skin physical properties of Asian, especially Chinese, subjects. In the present study, we assess the difference in skin surface pH, sebum content and SC hydration at various ages and in both genders in a large Chinese population without skin diseases. Methods: 713 subjects (328 males and 385 females) aged 0.5–94 years were enrolled in this study. The subjects were divided by age into 5 groups, i.e., 0–12, 13–35, 36–50, 51–70 and over 70 years old. A multifunctional skin physiology monitor was used to measure SC hydration, skin surface pH and sebum content on both the forehead and the forearms. Results: In males, the highest sebum content was found on the forearm and the forehead in the age groups 36–50 (93.47 ± 10.01 μg/cm²) and 51–70 years (9.16 ± 1.95 μg/cm²), while in females, the highest sebum content was found on the forearm and the forehead in the age groups 13–35 (61.91 ± 6.12 μg/cm²) and 51–70 years (7.54 ± 2.55 μg/cm²). The forehead sebum content was higher in males aged 13–70 years than in age-matched females; the sebum content on the forehead in both males and females was higher than that on the forearm. Skin surface pH on the forehead of both males and females over the age of 70 years was higher than that in younger groups. SC hydration on the forehead in both males and females was lower above the age of 70, and the one in males aged 13–35 was higher than that in females (43.99 ± 1.88 vs. 36.38 ± 1.67 AU, p < 0.01). SC hydration on the forehead in both males and females did not significantly differ from that on the forearm. Conclusions: In a large Chinese cohort, the skin surface pH, sebum content and SC hydration vary with age, gender and body site.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

mentioning

confidence: 90%

Variation of Skin Surface pH, Sebum Content and Stratum Corneum Hydration with Age and Gender in a Large Chinese Population

Man

Xin

Shu-min

et al. 2009

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

222

225

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This response depended upon the presence of anti-inflammatory cytokine Il-10. In humans, it has been shown that the axillary skin surface pH decreases significantly in women but instead raises in men after simple interventions, such as washing with tap water [44]. The mechanisms underlying such gender related differences in the skin or microbial physiology remain elusive, although they likely reflect the differential effects of sex steroid hormones and associated immunological factors on the skin and mucosal surface secretions found in each gender [45].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probiotic Bacteria Induce a ‘Glow of Health’

et al. 2013

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Radiant skin and hair are universally recognized as indications of good health. However, this ‘glow of health’ display remains poorly understood. We found that feeding of probiotic bacteria to aged mice induced integumentary changes mimicking peak health and reproductive fitness characteristic of much younger animals. Eating probiotic yogurt triggered epithelial follicular anagen-phase shift with sebocytogenesis resulting in thick lustrous fur due to a bacteria-triggered interleukin-10-dependent mechanism. Aged male animals eating probiotics exhibited increased subcuticular folliculogenesis, when compared with matched controls, yielding luxuriant fur only in probiotic-fed subjects. Female animals displayed probiotic-induced hyperacidity coinciding with shinier hair, a feature that also aligns with fertility in human females. Together these data provide insights into mammalian evolution and novel strategies for integumentary health.

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“…Regarding the gender differences in skin biophysical properties, previous studies have shown that the skin surface pH in females is higher than that in males, although a lower skin surface pH is also observed in females [1,[13][14][15] . Nevertheless, these studies suggest that there are gender differences in skin surface pH.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

Characterization of Skin Friction Coefficient, and Relationship to Stratum Corneum Hydration in a Normal Chinese Population

Zhu

Shu-min

Luo

et al. 2010

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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Background and Objectives: Studies have demonstrated that some cutaneous biophysical properties vary with age, gender and body sites. However, the characteristics of the skin friction coefficient in different genders and age groups have not yet been well established. In the present study, we assess the skin friction coefficient in a larger Chinese population. Methods: A total of 633 subjects (300 males and 333 females) aged 0.15–79 years were enrolled. A Frictiometer® FR 770 and Corneometer® CM 825 (C&K MPA 5) were used to measure the skin friction coefficient and stratum corneum hydration, respectively, on the dorsal surface of the hand, the forehead and the canthus. Results: In the females, the maximum skin friction coefficients on both the canthus and the dorsal hand skin were observed around the age of 40 years. In the males, the skin friction coefficient on the dorsal hand skin gradually increased from 0 to 40 years of age, and changed little afterward. Skin friction coefficients on some body sites were higher in females than in age-matched males in some age groups. On the canthus and the dorsal hand skin of females, a positive correlation was found between skin friction coefficient and stratum corneum hydration (p < 0.001 and p < 0.0001, respectively). In contrast, in males, the skin friction coefficient was positively correlated with stratum corneum hydration on the forehead and the dorsal hand skin (p < 0.05 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Conclusion: The skin friction coefficient varies with age, gender and body site, and positively correlates with stratum corneum hydration on some body sites.

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Gender Difference of in vivo Skin Surface pH in the Axilla and the Effect of a Standardized Washing Procedure with Tap Water

Cited by 21 publications

References 46 publications

Variation of Skin Surface pH, Sebum Content and Stratum Corneum Hydration with Age and Gender in a Large Chinese Population

Variation of Skin Surface pH, Sebum Content and Stratum Corneum Hydration with Age and Gender in a Large Chinese Population

Probiotic Bacteria Induce a ‘Glow of Health’

Characterization of Skin Friction Coefficient, and Relationship to Stratum Corneum Hydration in a Normal Chinese Population

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