Circulating levels of cytokines and soluble cytokine receptors in various T-cell malignancies

Abstract

Background. Cytokines, interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐6, interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), soluble CD23 (sCD23), and soluble IL‐2 receptors (sIL‐2R) are mediators of inflammation and immune response. Alterations in immune status of patients with various cancers may result in release of cytokines in circulation. The authors measured the circulating levels of IL‐4, IL‐6, IFN‐γ TNF‐α, sCD23, and sIL‐2R from patients with T‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (T‐CLL), T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T‐ALL) and peripheral T‐cell lymphoma (PTCL) to determine their importance in these T‐cell disorders. Methods. IL‐4, IL‐6, IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, sCD23, and sIL‐2R levels were measured from the serum samples by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay or bioassay methods. Results. IL‐4 levels were higher only in T‐CLL, whereas, IFN‐γ and sIL‐2R levels were higher in T‐CLL and T‐ALL. However, IL‐6, TNF‐α, and sCD23 levels were higher in PTCL. Conclusions. T‐cell‐derived IL‐4 and IFN‐γ in T‐CLL may act as an autocrine growth factor for proliferation of neoplastic T‐cells. The sIL‐2R levels in T‐CLL, T‐ALL, and PTCL are an indication of the degree of T‐cell or immune activation due to concomitant immunologic processes in these disorders. However, IL‐6, TNF‐α, and sCD23 levels may contribute to inflammatory response and provide evidence of monocyte/macrophage, T‐cell, or B‐cell aberrations in PTCL.

Abnormal levels of proinflammatory cytokines in serum and monocyte cultures from patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in different stages, and their role in prognosis

“…Although in CML there has been one report of elevated IL-1 levels in advanced stages, 14 we did not find any such correlation of IL-1 levels with the progression of the disease. Serum TNF-levels were found to be within the 10 , and increased secretion of TNF-has been demonstrated in bone marrow cultures from CML-CP patients, 11 we did not find significantly elevated levels of TNF-in any of the cases. Serum IL-6 levels in CML-CP and CML-BC were significantly raised compared with normal controls (p=0·0026 for CML-CP and p=0·0011 for CML-BC).…”

“…The role of these primarily monocyte-derived cytokines in CML has not been fully investigated. Some studies have indicated that elevated TNF-levels in serum are linked to poor response to interferon-(IFN-) therapy 10 , and elevated secretion of TNF-has been demonstrated in bone marrow cultures from CML-CP patients. 11 The ability of these proinflammatory cytokines to affect secretion of various colony-stimulating factors, and to act as cofactors in proliferation of stem cells, makes them an important factor in the bone marrow failure state of chronic myeloid leukemia.…”

Recent Advances in the Prevention of Anthracycline Cardiotoxicity in Childhood

“…The ANT are deactivated by conjugation with sulfate or glucuronide or after demethylation of the methoxy group at ring position 4 of DOX or DAUNO. CH DOX-induced myocardial disfunction could be due to free radical formation [13], alterations of adrenergic function [14], lipid peroxidation [15], alterations in sarcolemmal CA 2+ transport [16], release of tumor necrosis factor-α and of interleukin-2 [17] and liberation of cytokine from tumor [18]. Although a close examination of the list indicates that DOXinduced injury may be multifactorial and complex, one mechanism common to most of these suggestions is the increased oxidative stress [19].…”

Serum tumour necrosis factor‐α levels in cancer patients are discontinuous and correlate with weight loss

“…Nevertheless, the exact pathogenic role of this cytokine in human cancer cachexia remains unclear. Data concerning circulating levels of TNF in cancer patients are often controversial or inconsistent [16–30]. In some studies, TNF circulating levels in cachectic patients were undetectable or, when detectable, did not correlate with the severity of weight loss [16–30].…”

“…Data concerning circulating levels of TNF in cancer patients are often controversial or inconsistent [16–30]. In some studies, TNF circulating levels in cachectic patients were undetectable or, when detectable, did not correlate with the severity of weight loss [16–30]. To explain such conflicting results it has been suggested that the analytical methods used to measure TNF serum levels were not sensitive enough, that the mechanism of action of TNF could be paracrine and, finally, that TNF secretion could be intermittent or sporadic rather than continuous [6,10] and that TNF might rapidly complex with soluble receptors [31].…”