Circulating levels of pregnancy zone protein: Normal range and the influence of age and gender

Folkersen, J.; Teisner, B.; Grunnet, Niels; Grudzinskas, J.G.; Westergaard, J.G.; Hindersson, Peter

doi:10.1016/0009-8981(81)90343-0

Cited by 58 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Recently, the balance between the levels of metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) has been implicated in maintaining the integrity of the mammary gland extracellular matrix [46]. Interestingly, plasma levels of an a,-macroglobulin-related protein, pregnancy zone protein (PZP), increase more than 100-fold during pregnancy as increasing levels of estrogen stimulate PZP synthesis by hepatocytes [47].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrocortisone induces the synthesis of α₂‐macroglobulin by rat mammary myoepithelial cells

Warburton

Coles

Dundas

et al. 1993

European Journal of Biochemistry

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The effects of lactogenic hormones on protein secretion by 255G4.2.3 cells, a rat mammary myoepithelial cell line immortalised with a temperature-sensitive T-antigen, were investigated. Insulin, prolactin, estradiol and progesterone had no effect but hydrocortisone induced the secretion of two proteins with molecular masses of 175 kDa (p175) and 146 kDa (p146), 10-30-fold and 5-fold respectively. The induction of p175 and p146 synthesis by hydrocortisone was greater at 39.5"C than at 33 "C reflecting the increased differentiation of 255G4.2.3 cells at the higher temperature. Rat mammary epithelial cells did not synthesise p175. After addition of hydrocortisone to 25.5-G4.2.3 cells, there was a lag phase of 10 h before the synthesis of p175 was induced. Half-maximal induction of p175 synthesis required a hydrocortisone concentration of 0.5 pM. p175 was identified as a,-macroglobulin by N-terminal amino-acid sequence determination and immunoprecipitation with a specific antibody. Hydrocortisone induced a 5-kb a,-macroglobulin-specific mRNA transcript in 255G4.2.3 cells. Myoepithelial cells are responsible for synthesising the basement membrane around the rapidly expanding mammary alveoli during pregnancy. Myoepithelial cells also secrete metalloproteinases which are probably involved in turnover of the basement membrane. We suggest that increased levels of hydrocortisone during pregnancy induce the synthesis of a,-macroglobulin, which is believed to be a potent inhibitor of metalloproteinases, by rat mammary myoepithelial cells to reduce proteolytic degradation of the basement membrane.The ducts of the mammary gland contain two cell types. The epithelial cells, which line the lumen, synthesise milk proteins under the influence of lactogenic hormones. In the main ducts, the epithelial cells are separated from the basement membrane by a continuous layer of myoepithelial cells [ 11. During pregnancy, myoepithelial cells acquire numerous myofilaments, and cell processes enlarge to form a basketlike structure around the expanded secretory alveoli [2]. The classical function of myoepithelial cells is to contract under the influence of oxytocin, expelling milk from the gland [3]. In the alveoli, most of the epithelial cells are also in contact with the basement membrane, an interaction which is required for the induction of milk protein synthesis [4] Mammary gland myoepithelial cell lines also synthesise greater amounts of basement membrane proteins than mammary epithelial cell lines [6, 71. During involution of the mammary gland, increased levels of proteinases result in the degradation of the basement membrane which probably contributes to the rapid destruction of the epithelial cells [8, 91. We have recently demonstrated that it is the myoepithelial cell that produces increased amounts of 72-kDa-gelatinase, MMP (matrix metal1oproteinase)-2, and stromelysin-1, MMP-3 [lo]. Myoepithelial cells also synthesis bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor) which is a major mitogen for both mammary myoepithelial and epithelial cell ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrocortisone induces the synthesis of α₂‐macroglobulin by rat mammary myoepithelial cells

Warburton

Coles

Dundas

et al. 1993

European Journal of Biochemistry

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“…Oral administration of oestrogen causes a rapid increase in the plasma level of PZP, whereas percutaneous administration of the same steroid, resulting in equally high concentrations of circulating oestrogen caused no change in the PZP level (Holst et al, 1983). During pregnancy there is no apparent correlation between the concentration of oestrogens and PZP , and there is no significant variation of PZP during the menstrual cycle and concentrations are not, affected by the menopause (Damber et al, 1976;Folkersen et al, 1981).…”

Section: Abstract: Pregnancy-associated Murine Protein-i; Snell Dwarfmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction of pregnancy-associated murine protein-1 in dwarf mice by human growth hormone

et al. 1990

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SummaryPregnancy-associated murine protein-l (PAMP-l) could not be detected in peripheral blood of female dwarf mice (genotype dw/dw of the OW strain). By contrast the normal size females of the OW strain (genotypes + / + and + /dw) had PAMP-l serum levelsof 18·9 AU ± 15'7 AU/mI. Following administration of biosynthetic human growth hormone (hGH) every 2 h for 52 h PAMP-l was detected in all dwarf females at concentrations of 16·0 AU±3·3 AU/mI.The albumin levels in the circulation of OW females of normal size were significantly higher (P<0·05) than those of OW dwarfs, and the hGH administration did not change the serum albumin levels.The present experiment adds weight to the suggestion that the PAMP-l serum level is regulated by GH.

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“…Therefore, the synthesis of this molecule, which has been demonstrated to inhibit transformation of lymphocytes in vitro (Stimson, 1976), has been presumed to be regulated by oestrogens. However, an age-dependent increase in PZP concentrations in particular in postmenopausal women has been reported (Damber, von Schoultz & Stigbrand, 1976b;Folkersen et al, 1981 In the comparison of matched samples from singleton pregnancies, the mean PZP concentration was significantly lower in twin pregnancy (P < 0-01) ( Table 1). By contrast, the mean total oestriol level was significantly higher (P < 0-001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Circulating PZP is present in low concentrations in normal individuals of both sexes (Damber, von Schoultz, Stigbrand & Carlström, 1976a;Folkersen et al, 1981), the levels being generally higher in females , following oestrogen therapy (Beckman, von Schoultz & Stigbrand, 1973) and during pregnancy (Stimson, 1975). Therefore, the synthesis of this molecule, which has been demonstrated to inhibit transformation of lymphocytes in vitro (Stimson, 1976), has been presumed to be regulated by oestrogens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Firstly, further doubt can be cast on the generally accepted hypothesis that PZP synthesis is a simple function of oestrogen concentration. This concept has previously been questioned in the light of high PZP levels seen in postmenopausal women (Damber et al, 1976b;Folkersen et al, 1981). In addition, contrary to the situation in man, exogenous oestrogen administration causes a fall in serum PZP analogue levels in the African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) (Teisner, Folkersen, Svendsen, Hau & Hindersson, 1979 …”

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Circulating human pregnancy zone protein and oestriol in twin pregnancies

Westergaard¹,

Bach²,

Teisner³

et al. 1982

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Summary. Women with twin pregnancies were matched with those carrying singleton pregnancies (n = 35 for both) for features which are considered to influence pregnancy zone protein (PZP) concentrations. The mean PZP level was significantly lower (P < 0\m=.\01) and the mean total oestriol level was higher (P < 0\m=.\001) in twin than in singleton pregnancies. PZP levels were negatively correlated to oestriol levels in twin (r = \m=-\0\m=.\5756, P < 0\m=.\001)and singleton (r = \m=-\0\m=.\3821, P < 0\m=.\01) pregnancies.

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Circulating levels of pregnancy zone protein: Normal range and the influence of age and gender

Cited by 58 publications

References 18 publications

Hydrocortisone induces the synthesis of α₂‐macroglobulin by rat mammary myoepithelial cells

Hydrocortisone induces the synthesis of α₂‐macroglobulin by rat mammary myoepithelial cells

Induction of pregnancy-associated murine protein-1 in dwarf mice by human growth hormone

Circulating human pregnancy zone protein and oestriol in twin pregnancies

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Circulating levels of pregnancy zone protein: Normal range and the influence of age and gender

Cited by 58 publications

References 18 publications

Hydrocortisone induces the synthesis of α2‐macroglobulin by rat mammary myoepithelial cells

Hydrocortisone induces the synthesis of α2‐macroglobulin by rat mammary myoepithelial cells

Induction of pregnancy-associated murine protein-1 in dwarf mice by human growth hormone

Circulating human pregnancy zone protein and oestriol in twin pregnancies

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Hydrocortisone induces the synthesis of α₂‐macroglobulin by rat mammary myoepithelial cells

Hydrocortisone induces the synthesis of α₂‐macroglobulin by rat mammary myoepithelial cells