Circulating odd-chain saturated fatty acids were associated with arteriosclerosis among patients with diabetes, dyslipidemia, or hypertension in Sri Lanka but not Japan

Abstract

The differences in the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases between Sri Lankan and Japanese populations might be explained by the differences in their diet, especially fat. To test the hypothesis that the fatty acid (FA) compositions differ between Sri Lankan and Japanese populations and that high concentrations of n-3 polyunsaturated FAs and linoleic acid are associated with a low level of arteriosclerosis, the authors compared the circulating FA compositions between Sri Lankan and Japanese populations and examined the association of the circulating FA composition with arterial stiffness in each population. The study participants were patients with diabetes, dyslipidemia, or hypertension in Sri Lanka (n = 100) or Japan (n = 236). Serum FA compositions were measured by gas chromatography. Arterial stiffness was measured using the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI). Analysis of covariance was used to compare the FA compositions between the populations. Multiple regression was used to assess the association between each FA and CAVI levels. The concentrations of myristic, γ-linolenic, dihomo-γ-linolenic, and arachidonic acids were higher in the Sri Lankan patients than in the Japanese patients. In contrast, the concentrations of linoleic, α-linolenic, and eicosapentaenoic acids were higher in the Japanese patients than in the Sri Lankan patients. Although no associations of n-3 polyunsaturated FAs and linoleic acid with CAVI were observed in both patient populations, odd-chain saturated FAs (pentadecanoic and heptadecanoic acids) were significantly inversely associated with CAVI levels in the Sri Lankan (P for trend = .03) but not the Japanese patients. The odd-chain saturated FAs might be inversely associated with atherosclerosis in this Sri Lankan population.

<p>Relationship Between the Consumption of Milk-Based Oils Including Butter and Kermanshah Ghee with Metabolic Syndrome: Ravansar Non-Communicable Disease Cohort Study</p>

“…43 Regarding the possible causes and mechanisms responsible for our findings as well as the similar investigations, it can be argued that in addition to the content of butter that 50% of its dry weight is made of SFAs 44 SFAs with an odd number of carbon atoms, which are mostly found in dairy fats such as butter, increase the fluidity of the vascular cell membrane and are associated with a reduced risk of T2D and MetS. 39 Butter also contains short-and medium-chain SFAs such as lauric acid and myristic acid, which are known to have protective effects against T2D. 44 Trans-palmitoleic acid, which is a biomarker of dairy fat and butter consumption, is inversely associated with T2D.…”

“…38 Another study also indicated that high intake of dairy fat decreases the risk of T2D and cardiovascular diseases. 39 A meta-analysis has also reported that butter consumption significantly decreases the average incidence of T2D but is not associated with CVD events. 40 In another metaanalysis of clinical trials, high-fat dairy consumption was inversely associated with T2D and the low-fat dairy product intake was related to the risk of the disease.…”

Plasma Saturated and Monounsaturated Fatty Acids in Behçet’s Disease

“…Regarding the SFA, most of the clinical trials, cohort and cell culture studies corroborate of their pro-inflammatory effects [ 15 - 17 ]. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that SFA are associated with a high risk of many chronic inflammatory diseases such as diabetes [ 18 ], metabolic syndrome [ 19 ] and atherosclerosis [ 20 ]. Indeed, the collected data showed that plasma lipid SFA level is positively correlated the plasma levels of the CRP, fibrinogen and pro-inflammatory cytokines [ 21 , 22 ].…”

Liquid-Chromatographic Methods for Carboxylic Acids in Biological Samples

“…Bile acids and their metabolites have been analyzed using several different derivatization reagents. Higashi et al developed an analytical method employing 2-picolylamine derivatization and MS/MS detection and monitored these compounds in human saliva [87]. Sensitivity in MS/MS was improved by approximately ten-fold by 1-(3-aminopropyl)-3-bromoquinolinium bromide (APBQ) derivatization [88].…”

“…For example, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) (Figure 1), both of which are omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, are not only effective for lowering blood pressure, but are essential for maintaining brain function [85]. Furthermore, fatty acids are related to certain human diseases, such as arteriosclerosis and ischemic heart disease [86,87]. Hence, numerous analytical methods have been developed for fatty acids to elucidate pathological conditions, disease mechanisms, and aid in diagnosis.…”