Circulation, Renewal, and Modification of Antarctic Mode and Intermediate Water*

Sloyan, Bernadette M.; Rintoul, Stephen R.

doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031<1005:cramoa>2.0.co;2

Cited by 297 publications

(346 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Light SAMW (26.7-26.8  T ) formation and subduction are enhanced during winter both in global and regional results, with the major contribution in the Indian Sector in agreement with previous studies (Talley, 1996;Sloyan and Rintoul, 2001b;Rintoul and England, 2002;Sallée et al, 2006). Dense SAMW (26.9-27.0  T ) 23 formation shows no significant formation in global estimates while revealing strong regional contributions linked to bottom topography with opposing features: during winter (summer) an increase (decrease) toward higher densities is found south of New Zealand and a decrease (increase) is found in the Pacific center.…”

supporting

confidence: 92%

Aspects of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current dynamics investigated with drifter data

Trani

Falco

Zambianchi

et al. 2014

Progress in Oceanography

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Please cite this article as: Trani, M., Falco, P., Zambianchi, E., Sallée, J.B., Aspects of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current dynamics investigated with drifter data, Progress in Oceanography (2014), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.pocean. 2014.05.001 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Keywords: Southern Ocean; drifters; eddy flux; subduction; topographic effects. AbstractInteractions between eddies and mean flow are essential to close the momentum budget of the Southern Ocean, as well as to determine the structure of the global meridional overturning circulation. Both the structure of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the eddy dynamics arising at its heart are importantfor water-mass circulation and global ocean ventilation, and therefore for the global climate. However, the characterization of the eddy fields of heat and momentum are still 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 2 observations emphasizes, once more, the importance of continuing sustained effort to better represent the effect of mesoscale eddies in a coarse climate model, if we are to represent and predict future climate.

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supporting

confidence: 92%

Aspects of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current dynamics investigated with drifter data

Trani

Falco

Zambianchi

et al. 2014

Progress in Oceanography

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“…Of 15 Sv of Agulhas leakage (above 1500 m) 9 Sv continues northward in the MOC. Sloyan and Rintoul (2001) concluded that the Atlantic MOC is closed by cold fresh intermediate water that is modified to warm, salty varieties by air sea fluxes and interior mixing in the Atlantic and southwestern Indian Ocean. They suggest that the lower thermocline and intermediate water (T < 10°C) in the Benguela Current comes from the SAC and Agulhas Current in equal amounts and that of 14 Sv flowing northward in the MOC, 10 Sv is derived from Agulhas leakage.…”

Section: Scientific Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interocean exchange of heat and salt around South Africa is thought to be key in maintaining the global overturning circulation of the ocean (Gordon et al, 1992;Lutjeharms, 1996;de Ruijter et al, 1999;Sloyan and Rintoul, 2001). Indian Ocean leakage into the South Atlantic takes place near the Agulhas Current retroflection where large Agulhas rings (~ 400 km overall diameter) pinch off and translate into the Atlantic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Agulhas rings and other Agulhas eddies and current filaments merge with South Atlantic Current water in the Benguela Current, forming the source of the ~ 15 x 10 6 m 3 /s warm upper layer water that flows northward through the Atlantic in compensation for the colder southward flowing North Atlantic Deep Water. Indian Ocean leakage water tends to be warmer and saltier than South Atlantic water of Drake Passage origin and therefore contributes to larger northward heat and salt fluxes (Gordon et al, 1992;Sloyan and Rintoul, 2001;Schmid et al, 2000). Variations of the leakage inferred from sea floor sediment cores and climate variations over the last 550,000 years suggest an enhanced leakage during present and past interglacials and a much reduced leakage during glacial intervals (Peeters et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Agulhas leakage into the Atlantic estimated with subsurface floats and surface drifters

Richardson

2007

Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers

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“…Good reviews of the subject are given by Schmitz (1995, 1996a,b), de Ruijter et al (1999, Gordon (2001), andLutjeharms (2006). The amount of Indian Ocean water leaking into the Atlantic and contributing to the overturning circulation, its distribution in depth, and its variability remain controversial, although some recent studies support a large leakage transport (Gordon, 2001;Sloyan and Rintoul, 2001;Mercier et al, 2003;Richardson, 2007). Measuring the transport is difficult because of the complexity of the highly energetic Agulhas retroflection region including Agulhas rings and cyclones, which translate into the Atlantic, contributing a major part of the Indian Ocean leakage.…”

Section: Merz 1925mentioning

confidence: 99%

On the history of meridional overturning circulation schematic diagrams

Richardson

2008

Progress in Oceanography

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Recent global warming caused by humans and the prediction of a reduced Atlantic Ocean meridional overturning circulation in the future has increased interest in the role of the overturning circulation in climate change. A schematic diagram of the overturning circulation called the "Great Ocean Conveyor Belt," published by Wallace Broecker in 1987, has become a popular image that emphasizes the inter-connected ocean circulation and the northward flux of heat in the Atlantic. This would appear to be a good time to review the development of the conveyor belt concept and summarize the history of overturning circulation schematics.In the nineteenth century it was thought that symmetric overturning circulation cells were located on either side of the equator in the Atlantic. As new hydrographic measurements were obtained in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, circulation schematics in the early twentieth century began to show the inter-hemispheric overturning circulation in the Atlantic. In the second half of the twentieth century schematics showed the global ocean overturning circulation including connections between the Atlantic and the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Some recent schematics of the overturning circulation show its complexities, but as more information is included these schematics have also become complex and not as easy to understand as the simple Lenz 1845 4The earliest recorded deep temperature measurements in the subtropical Atlantic were made in 1750 by Captain Henry Ellis of the British slave ship Earl of Halifax. They revealed that warm subtropical water was confined to a relatively thin surface layer overlying much colder water (Ellis, 1851; Wüst, 1968; Deacon, 1971; Warren, 1981).Count Rumford (1798) who was born American as Benjamin Thompson and who served with the British, was knighted, eventually became Count of the Holy Roman Empire and ran the government of Bavaria, first described a circulation system to explain these temperature observations. He suggested that cold water from north and south polar regions spreads on the bottom of the sea toward the equator, and this produces currents at the surface in the opposite directions. A further development of this idea was made by Emil von Lenz (1845), a German-Russian physicist, who noted that the thermocline was shallower near the equator than in the subtropics and proposed an upwelling of deep water into the surface layer near the equator to compensate for poleward flow of warm near surface water. He derived a conceptual model of the meridional overturning circulation in the Atlantic, which consisted of two circulation cells located symmetrically on either side of the equator. A schematic summarizing this circulation (Fig. 2 The overturning circulation is a complicated system of currents driven by winds, by buoyancy forcing through evaporation, precipitation, heating, and cooling, and by mixing due to winds and tides. Knowledge of it developed slowly as subsurface temperature and salinity began to be accurately measu...

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Circulation, Renewal, and Modification of Antarctic Mode and Intermediate Water*

Cited by 297 publications

References 59 publications

Aspects of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current dynamics investigated with drifter data

Aspects of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current dynamics investigated with drifter data

Agulhas leakage into the Atlantic estimated with subsurface floats and surface drifters

On the history of meridional overturning circulation schematic diagrams

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