CIRF: Constructive interference-based reliable flooding in asynchronous duty-cycle wireless sensor networks

Abstract

Flooding is one of the most fundamental functions in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and has been investigated extensively. Existing flooding schemes in duty-cycle WSNs can be categorized into two categories: synchronous ones and asynchronous ones. In practice asynchronous schemes are preferable since synchronous ones introduce more complexity and overhead for necessary clock synchronization. Existing asynchronous approaches are however imperfect for reliable flooding in duty-cycle WSNs. For example, opportunistic flooding is less flexible and Asynchronous Duty-cycle Broadcasting (ADB) suffers unsatisfactory flooding latency. We propose Constructive Interferencebased Reliable Flooding (CIRF) in this paper, a novel design for reliable flooding in asynchronous duty-cycle WSNs. CIRF is integrated with the MAC protocol Receiver-Initiated MAC (RI-MAC) to improve the utilization of wireless medium and guarantee one-hop reliable transmission. The key idea of CIRF is to exploit the constructive interference feature when concurrent transmission occurs, which can be common in RI-MAC based WSNs. Simulation results indicate that CIRF achieves reliable flooding with reduced flooding latency, higher energy efficiency and delivery ratio compared to existing schemes.

Synchronous Transmissions in Low-Power Wireless: A Survey of Communication Protocols and Network Services

“…Medium access PiP [137] Medium access Aligner [77] Medium access TriggerCast [122] Per-hop reliability Sec. 4.6 CIRF [130] Per-hop reliability Disco [125] Per-hop reliability Backcast [28] Collision resolution Sec. 4.7…”

“…Synchronous transmissions are also employed as a drop-in replacement for link-based transmissions in the context of protocol designs that would equally employ the latter [122,125,130]. Here, singlehop protocol interactions are adapted to make them compatible with synchronous transmissions without altering the traditional multi-hop protocol operation or its API.…”

“…Here, singlehop protocol interactions are adapted to make them compatible with synchronous transmissions without altering the traditional multi-hop protocol operation or its API. Example → Cirf: Yu et al [130] design a network-wide flooding protocol that employs a modified version of the RI-MAC protocol [109]. In an low-power wireless network using RI-MAC, it is likely the case that multiple nodes wait for the same neighbor to wake up when flooding.…”

An Energy Model for the IoT: Secure Networking Perspective

“…If more than one was used, redundant data was carried. Work presented in [15] shows simulation results with the PDR as a function of the number of concurrent transmissions. This result is used in the plots to link PDR to the number of relays used by M T C 3 .…”

Exploiting Concurrent Wake-Up Transmissions Using Beat Frequencies

“…There exist several works that are based on or build upon and analyze the performance of Glossy, such as [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. These works have all in common that they are based on radios that use the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, and constructive interference of radio packets can be achieved within the synchronization limit of 0.5 µs.…”