Cities and Energy: Urban Morphology and Residential Heat-Energy Demand

Rode, Philipp; Keim, Christian; Robazza, Guido; Viejo, Pablo; Schofield, James

doi:10.1068/b39065

Cited by 178 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Studies of this nature, which often indicate that increasing population/built density is correlated with decreasing urban energy consumption profiles, are mostly rooted in and can be explained by a theoretical expectation regarding consumption and accessibility within denser areas. A theoretical modelling of energy demand for different urban morphologies based on four case study cities of London, Paris, Berlin, and Istanbul confirms this by finding potential for significant savings achievable in heat-demand through higher built densities [14]. Hui [15] cites four reasons as to why high density built-environment and cities are expected to be more efficient in their energy use: (i) the compactness and higher densities results in lower consumptions within the buildings; (ii) the reduced time of travel and communication characteristics are advantageous towards better transportation performance; (iii) the implementation of novel and emerging technologies is more easily achieved; and (iv) the wider options and possibility of mixing land use would contribute towards higher efficiencies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Urban and Rural—Population and Energy Consumption Dynamics in Local Authorities within England and Wales

Arbabi

Mayfield

2016

Buildings

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Abstract:The formulation of feasible and pragmatic policies that mitigate climate change would require a thorough understanding of the interconnectivity that exists between environment, energy, and the composition of our settlements both urban and rural. This study explores the patterns of energy consumption in England and Wales by investigating consumption behavior within domestic and transport sectors as a function of city characteristics, such as population, density, and density distribution for 346 Local Authority Units (LAU). Patterns observed linking energetic behavior of these LAUs to their respective population and area characteristics highlight some distinctly contrasting consumption behaviors within urban and rural zones. This provides an overview of the correlation between urban/rural status, population, and energy consumption and highlights points of interest for further research and policy intervention. The findings show that energy consumption across cities follows common power law scaling increasing sub-linearly with their population regardless of their urban/rural classification. However, when considering per capita and sector specific consumptions, decreasing per capita consumption patterns are observed for growing population densities within more uniformly populated urban LAUs. This is while rural and sparsely populated LAUs exhibit sharply different patterns for gas, electricity, and transport per capita consumption.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Urban and Rural—Population and Energy Consumption Dynamics in Local Authorities within England and Wales

Arbabi

Mayfield

2016

Buildings

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“…The three One of the earlier studies in this topic which is worthwhile to mention is Paul Little fair's classic guide from 1993 which has been recently revised and updated (Littefair, 2011). A recently published report (Rode et al, 2014) shows how important the energy aspect is today. In the Nordic countries, daylight is especially difficult to handle with respect to its great variation diurnally and over the course of the year.…”

Section: Evaluations Of Urban Settlementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Making the Most of Daylight in Town Planning

Sundborg

2017

Proceedings 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age

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Making the most of daylight in town planning is one of the important ingredients in the attempts for the sustainable city. Exactly 150 years ago Ildefons Cerdà presented his great work “Teoría General de la Urbanización” including methods for taking care of sunlight. However, with modern software, the possibilities to do comprehensive preparations are much better. This paper presents an urban typology considering daylight with basic geometric forms, shapes and patterns. Later this will be elaborated more in detail. The research includes three steps; choosing typical alternatives for settlements and designing some new principle urban solutions, calculations and evaluations of the alternatives considering especially energy saving. The quality and the quantity of daylight are dependent of the geometry of the urban spaces. That means the volumes for the buildings as well as the empty spaces in between. The accessibility for diffuse daylight from the sky and for direct rays from the sun is measurable by computer calculations where the sun angles and the skylight from the hemisphere are simulated. Relevant parameters are height, width and length. In a settlement with a high urban density it is more difficult to distribute daylight than in a settlement with low density. However the economy for exploitations is also worse with lower density. Therefore the comparisons between different settlements are with the same density. The orientation of the settlements according to the compass is of crucial importance looking to the direct sunlight and the shadows. How the local environment with parks, water, mountains and specific landmarks in the surroundings also affects the daylight distribution is included.References (100 words) Dubois, M.-C., Gentile, N., Amorim, C., Osterhaus, W., Stoffer, S.,Jakobiak, R., Geisler-Moroder, D., Matusiak, B., Onarheim, F. M., Tetri, E. (2016) Performance Evaluation of Lighting and Daylighting Retrofits: Results from IEA SHC Task 50. (Energy Procedia. vol. 91). Littefair, P. J. (2011) Site layout planning for daylight and sunlight: a guide to good practice (BRE, Building Research Establishment, IHS BRE Press, Watford). Rode, P., Keim, C., Robazza, G., Viejo, P. and Schofield, J. (2014) Cities and energy: urban morphology and heat energy demand (LSE, London School of Economics, Cities and EIFER, European Institute for Energy Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, London).

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“…Heating and cooling accounts for 50% of the EU's energy consumption and the total urban consumption is expected to grow due to growing urbanization Renewables account for just 18% of this. While urban manufacturing is causing heat emission, neighbouring housing areas require energy for heating and cooling [2][3][4]. Cascading energy use by re-use of industrial and commercial waste heat is an effective option to reduce GHG emissions in urban environments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residential Heat Supply by Waste-Heat Re-Use: Sources, Supply Potential and Demand Coverage—A Case Study

2017

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This paper deals with climate change mitigation and addresses waste heat reuse as a measure which is until now considered only to a limited extent. The City of Vienna serves as a case study to explore potentials to improve the urban heat supply using waste heat as an additional energy source. As no observation data about waste heat and detailed heating demand is available, this data is derived from proxy data for estimating waste heat reuse potential and residential heating demand patterns. Heat requirements for manufacturing and service provision is explored and, based on the distribution of the companies within the city, mapped as waste heat sources. Employees per company serves as proxy data to allocate the heat volume. Waste heat share and temperature ranges is reviewed from literature. Heating demand is mapped based on floor space of the buildings by age class and building type. Merging supply and demand maps allows to quantify the residential heating demand coverage through local waste heat in the potential supply areas within different distance ranges and housing density classes. In high density housing areas, only a small share of the demand can be covered by waste heat supply even within 250 m distance from sources due to few companies which could provide waste heat. In medium to low density housing areas in Vienna's outer districts with more industry, a higher share of residential heating demand near the sources can be covered by waste heat within a 250 m distance. Within a 500 m distance, around half of the residential heating demand can be covered only in low density housing areas near the waste heat sources.

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Cities and Energy: Urban Morphology and Residential Heat-Energy Demand

Cited by 178 publications

References 30 publications

Urban and Rural—Population and Energy Consumption Dynamics in Local Authorities within England and Wales

Urban and Rural—Population and Energy Consumption Dynamics in Local Authorities within England and Wales

Making the Most of Daylight in Town Planning

Residential Heat Supply by Waste-Heat Re-Use: Sources, Supply Potential and Demand Coverage—A Case Study

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