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Abstract. This paper aims to better understand the theoretical heat-energy demand of different types of urban form at a scale of 500 by 500 metres. The empirical basis of this study includes samples of dominant residential building typologies identified for Paris, London, Berlin and Istanbul. In addition, archetypal idealised samples were created for each type through an analysis of their built form parameters and removal of unwanted 'invasive' morphologies. The digital elevation models of these real and idealised samples were run through a simulation that modelled solar gains and building surface energy losses to estimate heat-energy demand. In addition to investigating the effect of macro scale morphological parameters, micro scale design parameters, such as U-values and glazing ratios, as well as climatic effects were analysed. The theoretical results of this study suggest that urban morphology induced heat energy efficiency is significant and can lead to a difference in heat energy demand up to a factor of 6. Compact and tall building types were found to have the greatest heat energy efficiency at the neighbourhood scale while detached housing was found to have the lowest.

This review article explores some of the key concepts, trends, and approaches in contemporary urban governance research. Based on a horizon scan of recent literature and a survey of local government officials, it provides a big picture on the topic and identifies areas for future research. Bridging the gap between the scholarly research focus and the perceptions and requirements of city administrators represents a major challenge for the field. Furthermore, because global and comparative research on urban governance is confronted with an absence of systematically collected, comparable data, the article argues that future efforts will require experimenting with methodologies that can generate new empirical insights.

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