“…Cities can be governed under different and coexisting governance paradigms and modes, and the literature has proliferated with several different positions and perspectives (e.g., DiGaetano & Strom, 2003;Pierre, 2011;Villeneuve, 2016). For the purpose of this article, the governance modes are used as an analytical approach for observing the contextual aspects of the cities, such as the objectives, the role of government and citizens and the nature of interactions between the government and external actors (Pierre, 2011;DiGaetano & Strom, 2003;Villeneuve, 2016;Osborne, 2006;Bryson, Crosby, & Bloomberg, 2014;Fischer, 2012;Bryson, Crosby and Stone, 2006;Sørensen & Torfing, 2009;Ansell & Gash, 2008). In particular, this article focuses on three modes, managerial, participative and collaborative, arguing that they can help understand the differences in citizen-government relations and their dynamics (Table 1).…”