Transparency in the activities of government and public service agencies has become a democratic sine qua non, legislated by access to information laws in many countries. While these laws have increased the amount of information available to the public, it is evident that numerous public organizations still try to conceal information, although no public or private interest of any importance justifies such behaviour. This article will develop a typology of these forms of behaviour which will allow for a better understanding of the origins of such dynamics and pave the way for a better evaluation of the point of equilibrium between administrative privilege and transparency.

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The exchange follows a negotiationThe exchange follows a political decision Public marketing :'.:.i F'g're 2,2 Bases of the development of public marketing Finally, Cousins (1990) and Grefle (1999) concentrate solely on how appropriate marketing tools can apply to public body dynamics. But are such tools relevant to the context and goal? Surprisingly, the more fundamental question ofpertinence does not arise in either researcher's investigation.Applying marketing concepts to the public sector is the result of mcrging developments in both marketing ancl public management (see Figure 2.2).Broadening the concept of marketing to include reinforcement of the relational aspect of the exchange plus the dynamic development of marketing tools and techniques enables non-commercial aspects of exchanges to be taken into account. These tools and conceptssystems for obtaining and hanclling information, cost-analysis systems, communication and distribution tools, etc. -may then be applied to the public sector.At the same time, the notion of public administration and its management models have evolved considerably over the last 20 years. The State has devclopcd its economic activities and services for citizensrequiring the use oftools, notably marketing tools, from the private sector.Concurrently, with the creation of agencies, many administrative units have been rendered partially autonomous, providing them with the opportunity to choose alternative approaches, diverging from the traditional public administration model. Some such agencies have developed hybrid management models that reflect the public nature oftheir organization. This has been achieved by developing exchanges of a more 2L ,., MARI

State citizen Interactions; State citizen Transactions Definition Citizen-administration relationships refer to the various ways in which individuals and public sector organizations interact. This includes in-person interactions (e.g., at the counter) and mediated interactions (e.g., Internet) for transactional relationships. It also includes the less tangible relationships involving the citizen not as direct beneficiary of a good or service but as general stakeholders in public sector relationships.

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