Citizenship and Migrant Workers in Western Europe

Identity Processes and Dynamics in Multi-Ethnic Europe

“…Immigrants can come together and create formal associations to protect mutual interests, to mobilise support over issues of concern and to make demands and pressure political authorities concerning their welfare. A distinction can thus be drawn between what an immigrant association is and what it does (Layton-Henry 1990). In terms of what it is, an immigrant association can be defined as an organisation formed by individuals who consciously define themselves as members of a group based, for example, on such variables as country of origin, common cultural heritage, ethnicity, language, religion and consciousness of kind within a larger context.…”

Selected Studies in International Migration and Immigrant Incorporation

“…For example, two case studies would be particularly appropriate, one on the debate on citizenship and the other on the debate of voting rights for foreign citizens. Again, the specific measures themselves would be of less interest to us (and not only because they have been listed already, see Layton-Henry 1989), because we are more interested in the ideological construction of the pluriform reality that is hidden in the discourse.…”

Immigrant Associations, Integration and Identity : Angolan, Brazilian and Eastern European Communities in Portugal

“…After overcoming the primordial adaptation phase, the process of social insertion starts taking on other forms, as other needs -which may not have been considered of primary importance during the initial stage -start to materialise (Layton-Henry 1990a;Rocha-Trindade 1995;Albuquerque et al 2000). When the community starts encountering integration difficulties, and when social and cultural problems between the immigrants and the host society become more accentuated, the activities of the associations then start taking new directions.…”