“…At present, the list of citizen participation activities is very extensive; the most common items include voting, party membership, protest, boycotting, contacting media, contacting authorities, political discussions, volunteering, donation, and community group membership. Based on these diverse activities, scholars interpellate available conceptual models of citizenship to generate newer taxonomies (Fox, 2014; Reichert, 2016; Theocharis & van Deth, 2016; Zukin, Keeter, Andolina, Jenkins, & Carpini, 2006) that take account of these different forms of citizen participation. These include conventional political participation, formal political participation, unconventional political participation, political protest, public voice, contentious politics, creative participation, consumerism participation, civic engagement, and social participation and/or community participation (Micheletti & McFarland, 2015; Putnam, 2001; Schulz, Ainley, Fraillon, Losito, & Agrusti, 2016; Stolle, Hooghe, & Micheletti, 2005; Stolle & Micheletti, 2013; van Deth, 2001, 2014; Verba, Nie, & Kim, 1978).…”