Clarification on the effects of the heat of solution of dimethyl sulfoxide and the latent heat of fusion of ice on lymphocytes using an In vitro test for viability

Cryopreservation of buffy coat derived platelets: Paired in vitro characterization using uncontrolled versus controlled freezing rate protocols

“…Since most of the water present in cells will freeze at approximately −2°C to −5°C it is suggested that this phase change from a liquid to a crystalline form releases energy and warming the sample until the equilibrium freezing point is reached 14 . A rapid drop in temperature may minimize potential detrimental effects of this phenomenon 14 . Despite this consideration in our CRF protocol, we did not observe any improvement as compared to the uncontrolled freezing protocol.…”

“…In our controlled rate protocol, the platelets are initially slowly cooled down followed by a rapid decrease in temperature. Since most of the water present in cells will freeze at approximately −2°C to −5°C it is suggested that this phase change from a liquid to a crystalline form releases energy and warming the sample until the equilibrium freezing point is reached 14 . A rapid drop in temperature may minimize potential detrimental effects of this phenomenon 14 .…”

“…However, it has been suggested that the change from a liquid to a crystalline form during the freezing process results in and develops thermodynamic release of fusion heat. This phenomenon may cause detrimental cellular effects and are commonly referred to as the latent heat of fusion 14 . The controlled freezing rate protocol used in this study is therefore aimed to allow enough efflux of water to minimize the chance of intracellular ice formation without maximal dehydration of the platelets and to counteract the risk for the potential phenomenon latent heat of fusion.…”