“…However, in our experiments, the backup trip candidates are generated based on distances and travel times. In order to simplify the experiments and to better compare the algorithms, we assumed that K, the number of backup trips, is such that K ∈ {2, 3,5,10,15,20,25,30,35, 40} for test cases with more than 300 remaining trips. For test cases with 100 and 300 remaining trips, K ∈ {2, 3, 5, 10} and K ∈ {2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20}, respectively, since smaller-size problems have fewer backup vehicles.…”