Classification of carbon nanostructure families occurring in a chemically activated arc discharge reaction

Dallas, Panagiotis; Meysami, Seyyed Shayan; Grobert, Nicole; Porfyrakis, Kyriakos

doi:10.1039/c5ra26325e

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…We constructed phase diagrams regarding the effect of pressure and doping levels with copper nitrate on the overall yields. Figure 5 shows a phase diagram (reproduced from [116]) summarizing the ratio between the various fullerene families, depending on different reaction conditions. Another interesting aspect of this method is that when high doping with copper nitrate is applied, the yield of C 60 and C 70 appears to be inversed.…”

Section: In Situ Dopingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Process Parameter Optimisation for Endohedral Metallofullerene Synthesis via the Arc-Discharge Method

Sinha,

Sanfo,

Dallas

et al. 2024

Inorganics

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Fullerenes have a unique structure, capable of both encapsulating other molecules and reacting with those on the exterior surface. Fullerene derivatives have also been found to have enormous potential to address the challenges of the renewable energy sector and current environmental issues, such as in the production of n-type materials in bulk heterojunction solar cells, as antimicrobial agents, in photocatalytic water treatment processes, and in sensor technologies. Endohedral metallofullerenes, in particular, can possess unpaired electron spins, driven by the enclosed metal atom or cluster, which yield valuable magnetic properties. These properties have significant potential for applications in molecular magnets, spin probes, quantum computing, and devices such as quantum information processing,, atomic clocks, and molecular magnets. However, the intrinsically low yield of endohedral fullerenes remains a huge obstacle, impeding not only their industrial utilization but also the synthesis and characterization essential for exploring novel applications. The low yield and difficulty in separation of different types of endohedral fullerenes results in the usage of a large amount of solvents and energy, which is detrimental to the environment. In this paper, we analyse the methodologies proposed by various researchers and identify the critical synthesis parameters that play a role in increasing the yields of fullerenes.

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Section: In Situ Dopingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(a)The ratio of the higher fullerenes (>C88) and EMF to the abundant C60/C70 vs. the current and Cu-to-rare-earth-metal molar ratio. (b) The ratio of C60 to C70 vs. the current and Cu-to-rareearth-metal molar ratio (Reprinted/adapted with permission from[116]. Copyright 2006, Royal Society of Chemistry).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Process Parameter Optimisation for Endohedral Metallofullerene Synthesis via the Arc-Discharge Method

Sinha,

Sanfo,

Dallas

et al. 2024

Inorganics

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“…On the other hand, the suspended carpets yielded a rather interesting composite consisting of graphite, CVD MWCNTs and arc-discharge-like CNTs 67 . The preliminary results are presented in the supplementary information.…”

Section: Plasma Treatment Of Large-area Carpets Of Ultra-long Mwcntsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra-stiff large-area carpets of carbon nanotubes

et al. 2016

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Herewith, we report the influence of post-synthesis heat treatment (≤2350 °C and plasma temperatures) on the crystal structure, defect density, purity, alignment and dispersibility of free-standing large-area (several cm(2)) carpets of ultra-long (several mm) vertically aligned multi-wall carbon nanotubes (VA-MWCNTs). VA-MWCNTs were produced in large quantities (20-30 g per batch) using a semi-scaled-up aerosol-assisted chemical vapour deposition (AACVD) setup. Electron and X-ray diffraction showed that the heat treatment at 2350 °C under inert atmosphere purifies, removes residual catalyst particles, and partially aligns adjacent single crystals (crystallites) in polycrystalline MWCNTs. The purification and improvement in the crystallites alignment within the MWCNTs resulted in reduced dispersibility of the VA-MWCNTs in liquid media. High-resolution microscopy revealed that the crystallinity is improved in scales of few tens of nanometres while the point defects remain largely unaffected. The heat treatment also had a marked benefit on the mechanical properties of the carpets. For the first time, we report compression moduli as high as 120 MPa for VA-MWCNT carpets, i.e. an order of magnitude higher than previously reported figures. The application of higher temperatures (arc-discharge plasma, ≥4000 °C) resulted in the formation of a novel graphite-matrix composite reinforced with CVD and arc-discharge-like carbon nanotubes.

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Hierarchical Self‐Assembly of Water‐Soluble Fullerene Derivatives into Supramolecular Hydrogels

Rašović,

Piacenti,

Contera

et al. 2024

Small

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Controlling the self‐assembly of nanoparticle building blocks into macroscale soft matter structures is an open question and of fundamental importance to fields as diverse as nanomedicine and next‐generation energy storage. Within the vast library of nanoparticles, the fullerenes—a family of quasi‐spherical carbon allotropes—are not explored beyond the most common, C60. Herein, a facile one‐pot method is demonstrated for functionalizing fullerenes of different sizes (C60, C70, C84, and C90–92), yielding derivatives that self‐assemble in aqueous solution into supramolecular hydrogels with distinct hierarchical structures. It is shown that the mechanical properties of these resultant structures vary drastically depending on the starting material. This work opens new avenues in the search for control of macroscale soft matter structures through tuning of nanoscale building blocks.

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Classification of carbon nanostructure families occurring in a chemically activated arc discharge reaction

Abstract: Controlling the generation of empty cages, endohedral metallofullerenes and carbon nanotubes is an important challenge for the tailored synthesis of functional materials and their scaled up production.

Cited by 8 publications

References 49 publications

Process Parameter Optimisation for Endohedral Metallofullerene Synthesis via the Arc-Discharge Method

Process Parameter Optimisation for Endohedral Metallofullerene Synthesis via the Arc-Discharge Method

Ultra-stiff large-area carpets of carbon nanotubes

Hierarchical Self‐Assembly of Water‐Soluble Fullerene Derivatives into Supramolecular Hydrogels

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