Classification of Key Attributes of Soft Material Gradients

Genzer, Jan; Bhat, Rajendra R.

doi:10.1002/9781118166086.ch2

Cited by 9 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 370 publications

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“…Another area where combinatorial strategies have played a significant role in advancing the field is in polymeric and soft materials, and recent reviews of this field are available. 28,29 The combinatorial materials science approach 24,[30][31][32][33] is characterized by creation of a "library" sample that contains variations of the materials parameter of interest (typically composition, although this paper will discuss many others), and rapid, local, and automated measurements to interrogate the library for the property of interest, resulting in the generation of large data sets. These data sets are analyzed and generally displayed as a response surface (i.e., property as a function of variable of interest).…”

Section: Applied Physics Reviews-focused Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of high throughput (combinatorial) methodologies to electronic, magnetic, optical, and energy-related materials

Green

Takeuchi

Hattrick‐Simpers

2013

Journal of Applied Physics

227

189

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High throughput (combinatorial) materials science methodology is a relatively new research paradigm that offers the promise of rapid and efficient materials screening, optimization, and discovery. The paradigm started in the pharmaceutical industry but was rapidly adopted to accelerate materials research in a wide variety of areas. High throughput experiments are characterized by synthesis of a "library" sample that contains the materials variation of interest (typically composition), and rapid and localized measurement schemes that result in massive data sets. Because the data are collected at the same time on the same "library" sample, they can be highly uniform with respect to fixed processing parameters. This article critically reviews the literature pertaining to applications of combinatorial materials science for electronic, magnetic, optical, and energy-related materials. It is expected that high throughput methodologies will facilitate commercialization of novel materials for these critically important applications. Despite the overwhelming evidence presented in this paper that high throughput studies can effectively inform commercial practice, in our perception, it remains an underutilized research and development tool. Part of this perception may be due to the inaccessibility of proprietary industrial research and development practices, but clearly the initial cost and availability of high throughput laboratory equipment plays a role. Combinatorial materials science has traditionally been focused on materials discovery, screening, and optimization to combat the extremely high cost and long development times for new materials and their introduction into commerce. Going forward, combinatorial materials science will also be driven by other needs such as materials substitution and experimental verification of materials properties predicted by modeling and simulation, which have recently received much attention with the advent of the Materials Genome Initiative. Thus, the challenge for combinatorial methodology will be the effective coupling of synthesis, characterization and theory, and the ability to rapidly manage large amounts of data in a variety of formats. V C 2013 AIP Publishing LLC. [http://dx

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Section: Applied Physics Reviews-focused Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of high throughput (combinatorial) methodologies to electronic, magnetic, optical, and energy-related materials

Green

Takeuchi

Hattrick‐Simpers

2013

Journal of Applied Physics

227

189

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“…During the past five decades immense exertion has been made in generating surfaces presenting physicochemical gradients 1 due to their inevitable usage in many fields and applications, including, tissue engineering, 2 drug delivery, 3 biosensors, 4 or microfluidics. 5 Surface gradients exemplify continuous and gradual variation of at least one physicochemical property (e.g., wettability, modulus, topography, density of grafts) of the coating layer.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…1,13–15 Such surface-bound gradients are comprehended by functionality, 15–18 dimensionality, 19,20 directionality, 21,22 length scale, 23,24 and temporal dependency. 13,25,26 Specifically, functional gradients featuring various soft material building blocks enable systematic screening of interactions between biological macromolecules, i.e., proteins and platelets, with various supports that are vital in the development of blood compatible coatings for medical devices, e.g., ventricular assist devices (VAD).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…27,28 A variety of diverse assembly methods 1,15 has been introduced by many researchers to fabricate surface-bound gradient coatings, including gas or liquid phase diffusion of self-assembling organosilanes, gel-based diffusion of alkanethiols on gold surfaces, diffusion in microfluidic channels, spatially localized corona discharge treatment of polymer surfaces, plasma-discharge methods, and in-plane electric field gradients to spatially desorb alkanethiols or electrodeposit metals or post-polymerization treatments. 1 While many functional substrates feature density gradient assemblies of small molecule modifiers, the low thickness of such systems often compromises the stability and broad application of such materials. Alternatively, assemblies of long chain molecules offer substantially thicker films extending to variation of surface concentrations of functional moieties as described in recent reviews.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Surface-Anchored Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Orthogonal Gradient Networks

2016

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We present a versatile synthetic route leading toward generating surface-attached polyacrylamide gels, in which the cross-link density varies continuously and gradually across the substrate in two orthogonal directions. We employ free radical polymerization to synthesize random copolymers comprising ~5% of photoactive methacrylyloxybenzophenone (MABP), ~5% of thermally active styrene sulfonyl azide (SSAz), and ~90% of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) units. The presence of MABP and SSAz in the copolymer facilitates control over the cross-link density of the gel in an orthogonal manner using photoactivated and thermally activated cross-linking chemistries, respectively. Spectroscopic ellipsometry is employed to determine the degree of swelling of the gel in water and methanol as a function of position on the substrate. Network swelling varies continuously and gradually across the substrate and is high in regions of low gel fractions and low in regions of high gel fractions.

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“…Wettability gradients offer a great potential for biological or microfluidic applications [17][18][19][20][21][22]. There are several ways to produce wettability gradients, which are often based on wet-chemical or topographical surface modifications [23]. Another possibility to generate a wettability gradient based on a contactless approach is to use plasma treatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%