Classification of the site of ventricular septal defect by 2-dimensional echocardiography

Perioperative echocardiographic evaluation

“…Echocardiography successfully displays ventricular septal defects and associated lesions [11,12]. Multiple plane imaging is the most accurate method for defining all borders of this defect.…”

Echocardiographic automated cardiac output measurement of pulmonary output and quantification of intracardiac shunt

“…The diagnosis and quantification of intracardiac shunts (ICS) using echocardiography have been validated for both atrial or ventricular septal defects [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. The echocardiographic evaluation of aortic and pulmonary outputs allows to calculate the pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio (QP/QS ratio) and, subsequently, to quantify ICS [1,8].…”

Insights Gained From Three-Dimensional Imaging Modalities for Closure of Ventricular Septal Defects

“…5,6 Cross-sectional echocardiography is the most commonly used noninvasive diagnostic method to delineate the position of a VSD before surgery. 7 Multiple sonographic cuts and cross-sectional sweeps of the region of interest are used to build a virtual reconstruction of the three-dimensional (3D) anatomy in the mind of the echocardiographer. However, for the surgeon who deals solely with 3D images there can remain an element of uncertainty when called to operate on the patient.…”