Classification or non-classification of substances with positive tumor findings in animal studies: Guidance by the German MAK commission

Laube, Britta; Michaelsen, S.; Meischner, Veronika; Hartwig, Andrea; Epe, Bernd; Schwarz, Michael

doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104444

Cited by 4 publications

References 68 publications

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Occupational Exposure Limits for Chemical Agents

Paustenbach,

Levy,

Gordon

et al. 2023

Patty's Toxicology

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The history and biological basis for setting occupational exposure limits (OELs) for chemical agents are presented in this chapter. Baetjer reported that the first list of standards for chemical exposures in industry was in the United States, known as maximum allowable concentrations (MAC), and that they were prepared in 1939 and 1940. Warren Cook is generally considered the father of occupational exposure limits (OELs). Since then, more than 1000 occupational exposure limits (OELs) have been set for different chemicals in the United States and nearly 5000 limits are available in more than 10 countries. A considerable amount of information about the early history of OELs is presented here and about 300 different references are provided. The methods for setting limits based on the primary toxic effect are discussed (e.g., neurotoxicants, irritants, sensitizers, carcinogens, etc.). The topic of uncertainty factors received considerable attention given its importance to risk assessment. The limitations inherent in various OELs are addressed in some detail. There is a brief discussion about the differences in OELs among different countries. The author's views about the future of OELs are provided.

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Occupational Exposure Limits for Chemical Agents

Paustenbach,

Levy,

Gordon

et al. 2023

Patty's Toxicology

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The History and Biological Basis of Occupational Exposure Limits for Chemical Agents

Paustenbach¹,

Cyrs²

2021

Patty's Industrial Hygiene

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Over the past 60 years, many organizations in numerous countries have proposed occupational exposure limits (OELs) for airborne contaminants (1). The limits or guidelines that have been the most widely accepted both in the United States and in most other countries are those issued annually by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and are termed Threshold Limit Values Ò (TLVs) (1-10).The usefulness of establishing OELs for potentially harmful agents in the working environment has been demonstrated repeatedly since their inception (3, 5, 6). It has been claimed that whenever these limits have been implemented in a particular industry, no worker has been shown to have sustained serious adverse effects on his health as a result of exposure to these concentrations of an industrial chemical (7). Although this statement is arguable with respect to the acceptability of OELs for those chemicals established before 1980, and later found to be carcinogenic, there is little doubt that millions of persons have avoided serious effects of workplace exposure due to their existence.

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