Classifying forms of government on a global scale

Abstract

This study classifies the forms of government present in all the countries worldwide. We examined the constitutions of 195 countries and prepared a template that allows us to determine the form of government of any given country. The study contributes to the literature in several ways. First, we support Shugart and Carey’s claim that the president-parliamentary and premier-presidential forms are main types in themselves and not subtypes of semi-presidentialism. Second, based on some fundamental differences, we divided the assembly-government form into two subtypes, namely assembly-independent and assembly-dependent, the latter being introduced as a new subtype. The third significant contribution is to coin a new form of government named semi-monarchial, which is positioned between parliamentary and monarchy forms. Lastly, the study reveals that the most preferred form in the world is parliamentary (57), followed by presidential (43), premier-presidential (31), president-parliamentary (28), assembly-government (13), semi-monarchial (8), and monarchy (4).

Form of government, electoral system, and party system fragmentation: A global comparison

“…We examined 159 countries, including 43 presidential, 21 president-parliamentary, 38 premierpresidential, and 57 parliamentary forms (Metin and Ünal, 2022). Following Shugart and Carey (1992), we divided semi-presidentialism into the categories of premier-presidential and president-parliamentary and accepted them as main forms.…”

“…Golosov, 2010b;Sartori, 1976;Siaroff, 2000) and the classification of the forms of government (e.g. Elgie, 1998;Metin and Ünal, 2022;Shugart and Carey, 1992;Verney, 1959), the relationship between these two variables has not yet been studied. There are no studies that calculate party systems via ENP and analyse their relationship with the electoral system and its continental distribution on a global scale.…”

Yari-Monarşi̇den Başkanliğa Türki̇ye’de Hükümet Si̇stemi̇ni̇n Evri̇mi̇

“…Yarı-monarşik hükümet sistemi yürütmenin iki başlı olduğu, saltanat usulü ile göreve gelen monarkın sembolik değil, kabineyi atama ve görevden alma, meclisi tatil ya da feshetme gibi gerçek yetkilere sahip olduğu hükümet sistemidir. Bununla beraber kabine hem devlet başkanına hem de yasama organına karşı sorumludur (Anckar, 2016(Anckar, , 2020Metin ve Ünal, 2022). Kanun-ı Esasî'nin öngördüğü yarı-monarşik hükümet sisteminde yürütmenin başı olan padişah saltanat usulü ile göreve gelirken (md.…”