Clay-related damage in rainscreen walls built with natural stone coverings

Gutiérrez, Javier; Más, Ángeles; Gil, Esther; Galvañ, Vicente

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.060

Cited by 20 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…AV limestone mineralogical composition variation and the content of clay fraction and iron oxides are another potential cause for AV slabs degradation. This cause has been previously pointed in several limestone degradation studies since the aggregation/disaggregation or swelling/shrinking of the clay particles occurs when these particles interact with water causing a whole series of identi able pathologies in building stones (Ercoli et al 2004;Gutiérrez et al 2012;Sebastián et al 2008Veniale et al 2001. The presence of clay minerals is not usually veri ed when selecting a stone for cladding and this may have a negative in uence on the faced since clays are minerals with expandable behavior in wet and humid environments (Ercoli et al 2004;Gutiérrez et al 2012;Sebastián et al 2008;Veniale et al 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…This stone has wide application in exterior and interior environments both in Portugal and abroad however, the main technical guidelines recommend that it should be preferably used in interior conditions (Casal Moura 2009). The reason for this concerns the fact that AV limestone may contain heterogeneous structural features such as bedding planes, stylolites, fractures, and outlines of fossils that allow the movement of water and salts on exterior applications (Casal Moura 2009;Gutiérrez et al 2012;Pires et al 2009;Sebastián et al 2008;Veniale et al 2001;). AV limestone mineralogical composition variation and the content of clay fraction and iron oxides are another potential cause for AV slabs degradation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental procedure for studying the degradation and alteration of limestone slabs applied on exterior cladding

Pires¹,

Pm²,

Jar³

2021

Preprint

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The studied limestone is a well known Portuguese natural stone that occurs in Valverde – Alcanede region, located in the Maciço Calcário Estremenho (centre of Portugal). This stone is used in several exterior and interior applications such as paving, cladding, masonry and decorations. Slabs made of the studied limestone were installed in ventilated facade with a “kerf” anchoring system in a building located in Valencia (Spain). After approximately five years, signs of degradation were detected on the facades through changes in color, cracks and fissures that caused instability and collapse on several slabs. Limestone slabs comprise irregular patterns due to rock cutting across stylolites. These features represent ideal paths for fluid circulation through the slab and can be identify as vulnerability zones for exterior applications. Experimental procedure included several laboratory analyses in order to study clays and the iron oxide contents. Microscopic petrography, XRD and SEM observations were important to identify the interaction of the clay material in stylolites and fossil contours. Results show the importance of establishing standard methods for selecting stone on cladding applications. From the results, it is possible to understand that clay minerals have a strong influence on the mechanical performance of this stone. Among other important remarks, results show the importance of the development of standard procedures that acknowledge the structure and mineral composition before setting these natural products as construction materials. Proper stone selection was found important to avoid facade degradation, and hence contribute to prevent accidents and promote user safety as well as economic impacts.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental procedure for studying the degradation and alteration of limestone slabs applied on exterior cladding

Pires¹,

Pm²,

Jar³

2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Cyclic pressure fluctuations resulted in lower pressure equalization values, resulting in water ingress into the interior at lower pressure differences as compared to static pressure differences. In respect to ventilated facades, a good many problems occur in rainscreen walls having natural stone coverings [22]. In this respect, Recatalá, Morales & Van Den Bossche [23] provide useful information on quantities of water that can percolate through open joints.…”

Section: Overview Of Water Infiltration Of Wall Assembliesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A brief compendium of water entry results derived from laboratory tests of various types of wall assemblies

et al. 2019

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There is an increase in the use of hygrothermal models to complete the performance evaluation of walls assemblies, either in respect to design of new assembles or the retrofit of existing wall assemblies. To this end there are guides available in which is provided information on moisture loads to wall assemblies. This includes, for example, Criteria for Moisture-Control Design Analysis in Buildings given in ASHRAE 160, Assessment of moisture transfer by numerical simulation provided in EN 15026, and NRC’s “Guidelines for Design for Durability of the Building Envelope”. The designer of a new assembly or evaluator of an existing wall is tasked with having to determine what moisture loads to apply to the wall and where to apply this load within the assembly. Typically there is little or no information that is readily available regarding moisture loads to walls and thus the suggested hourly moisture load, as given in ASHRAE 160, is 1% by weight of the total driving rain load to the wall (i.e. kg/m2-hr). In this paper, a brief compendium of water entry test results derived from laboratory tests of various types of wall assemblies is provided from which estimates of moisture loads to different types of wall can be developed. Water entry test results are given of wood frame walls typically used in housing, but also metal-glass curtain walls and other commercial wall assemblies, where possible, in terms of driving loads to the wall.

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“…Rautureau (2001) and Brunet-Imbault (1999) stated that the dissolution of calcite from the stone and its subsequent crystallisation at the surface would generate a hardened and waterproofed layer promoting water movement parallel to the surface, thus increasing the local dissolution of calcite and the weakening of the stone matrix. Berthonneau et al (2012), Gutiérrez et al (2012), Colas et al (2011) and Benavente et al (2008) argued that the daily thermal and hydraulic cycles generate restrained differential dilations between the core and the surface, which would initiate and propagate microcracks in the stone, specifically in the presence of potentially swelling clay minerals. Finally, Jeannette (1992) and Cautru (1976) claimed that gypsum could crystallise and accumulate in the drawdown area of water movements, generating heterogeneities in the stone's physical properties with the local crystallisation pressure leading to progressive stone cracking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Gypsum and spalling decay mechanism of tuffeau limestone

et al. 2015

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The general form of degradation of tuffeau is the progressive spalling of the surface of the stone. Over time, thick plates (1-to 3-cm thick) form gradually on the surface of the stone. Once the plate drops, the resulting stone surface turns into powder. At the Castle of Chambord, mineralogical analysis of the degraded stone, throughout its depth, shows the presence of gypsum (CaSO 4 Á2H 2 O) located mainly within a crack network parallel to the surface. The objective of this research is to study different hypotheses of gypsum formation to improve the understanding of the damaging process of spalling. Fresh stones were subjected to artificial ageing in the laboratory through imbibition/drying tests, to study the resulting distribution of gypsum as a function of several parameters: the source of gypsum, initial stone cracking, drying conditions, and analysis after different measurement sequences. Tested samples were analysed at different stages of ageing by using X-ray diffraction and ion chromatography to localise and quantify the amount of gypsum throughout the depth. Results indicate that gaseous SO 2 can lead to a distribution of gypsum very similar to that observed in stones subjected to spalling in situ at the Castle of Chambord.

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Clay-related damage in rainscreen walls built with natural stone coverings

Cited by 20 publications

References 15 publications

Experimental procedure for studying the degradation and alteration of limestone slabs applied on exterior cladding

Experimental procedure for studying the degradation and alteration of limestone slabs applied on exterior cladding

A brief compendium of water entry results derived from laboratory tests of various types of wall assemblies

Gypsum and spalling decay mechanism of tuffeau limestone

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