Cleavage of chitinous elicitors from the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma crustuliniforme by host chitinases prevents induction of K + and Cl − release, extracellular alkalinization and H 2 O 2 synthesis of Picea abies cells

Salzer, Peter; Hebe, Gerhard; Hager, A.

doi:10.1007/s004250050216

Cited by 37 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…Such an accumulation of H 2 O 2 in the space taken up by the arbuscules is compatible with the assumption of H 2 O 2 formation by an NAD(P)H oxidase localized in the plasma membrane of the plant cells (Doke 1985). Elicitors released by G. intraradices could activate the NAD(P)H oxidase in the same way as was demonstrated for elicitors from ectomycorrhizal fungi in suspension-cultured cells of spruce (Schwacke and Hager 1992;Salzer et al 1996Salzer et al , 1997. However, within the cytoplasm of the plant cell, as well as in adjacent cells, no accumulation of H 2 O 2 was observed, most probably due to its rapid degradation by the action of catalases (Chen and Klessig 1993).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Hydrogen peroxide accumulation in Medicago truncatula roots colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhiza-forming fungus Glomus intraradices

Salzer

Corbière

Boller

1999

Planta

Self Cite

172

102

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The diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining technique was used to examine the accumulation of H 2 O 2 in parts of roots of Medicago truncatula Gaertn. colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM)-forming fungus Glomus intraradices Schenk and Smith. At the cellular level, the combination of bright-®eld and¯uorescence microscopy revealed that a brownish stain, indicative of H 2 O 2 accumulation was present within cortical root cells in the space occupied by arbuscules. Accumulation of H 2 O 2 was especially pronounced in cells containing arbuscules that were clumped and less branched. Moreover, H 2 O 2 accumulated around hyphal tips attempting to penetrate a host cell. In contrast, no H 2 O 2 accumulation was observed in hyphal tips growing along the middle lamella, or in appressoria or vesicles. On the basis of these ®ndings we suggest that a locally restricted oxidative burst is involved in the temporal and spatial control of the intracellular colonization of M. truncatula cells by the AM-forming fungus G. intraradices.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Hydrogen peroxide accumulation in Medicago truncatula roots colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhiza-forming fungus Glomus intraradices

Salzer

Corbière

Boller

1999

Planta

Self Cite

172

102

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“…Alternatively, AM fungi may induce alterations in their host cells that lead to the destruction of the elicitor molecule. Spruce cells secrete a chitinase that acts on chitin molecules released from the cell walls of an ectomycorrhizal fungus, cleaving them to a size that renders them inactive and incapable of inducing defenses (146,147). The induction of chitinase activity in mycorrhizal roots has been reported widely (22,166), and in M. truncatula, specific chitinase genes are induced in mycorrhizal roots, whereas pathogen-induced chitinases are not expressed (145a).…”

Section: Defense Response Signaling In the Am Symbiosismentioning

confidence: 97%

Signaling in the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis

Harrison

2005

Annu. Rev. Microbiol.

658

449

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Many microorganisms form symbioses with plants that range, on a continuous scale, from parasitic to mutualistic. Among these, the most widespread mutualistic symbiosis is the arbuscular mycorrhiza, formed between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and vascular flowering plants. These associations occur in terrestrial ecosystems throughout the world and have a global impact on plant phosphorus nutrition. The arbuscular mycorrhiza is an endosymbiosis in which the fungus inhabits the root cortical cells and obtains carbon provided by the plant while it transfers mineral nutrients from the soil to the cortical cells. Development of the symbiosis involves the differentiation of both symbionts to create novel symbiotic interfaces within the root cells. The aim of this review is to explore the current understanding of the signals and signaling pathways used by the symbionts for the development of the AM symbiosis. Although the signal molecules used for initial communication are not yet known, recent studies point to their existence. Within the plant, there is evidence of arbuscular mycorrhiza-specific signals and of systemic signaling that influences phosphate-starvation responses and root development. The landmark cloning of three plant signaling proteins required for the development of the symbiosis has provided the first insights into a signaling pathway that is used by AM fungi and by rhizobia for their symbiotic associations with legumes.

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“…For instance, some extracellular chitinases promote interactions between plants and compatible symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi by degrading fungal elicitors. 12 The mycorrhizal hyphae growth in the root has a parallelism with that of the compatible pollen tube in the pistil. Therefore, chitinases may participate in promoting compatible pollen tube growth by degrading or generating signal molecules.…”

Section: The Plant Stigma Exudatementioning

confidence: 99%

The plant stigma exudate

Rejón

Delalande

Schaeffer-Reiss

et al. 2014

Plant Signaling & Behavior

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D uring sexual reproduction, pollenperformance is greatly influenced by the female tissues. The stigma exudate, i.e., the extracellular secretion that covers the stigma outermost surface, has been usually regarded as a reservoir of water, secondary metabolites, cell wall precursors and compounds that serve as energy supply for rapid pollen tube growth. In an attempt to identify the proteins present in the stigma secretome, we performed a large-scale analysis in two species (Lilium longiflorum and Olea europaea) following a proteomicbased approach. The resulting data strongly suggest that the stigma exudate is not a mere storage site but also a biochemically active environment with a markedly catabolic nature. Thus, this secretion may modulate early pollen tube growth and contribute to the senescence of stigma after pollination. In addition, a putative cross-talk between genetic programs that regulate stress/defense and pollination responses in the stigma is also suggested. The stigma exudate might also functionally diverge between species on the basis on their ecology and the biochemical, morphological and anatomical features of their stigmas. Unexpectedly, we identified in both exudates some intracellular proteins, suggesting that a mechanism other than the canonical ER-Golgi exocytic pathway may exist in the stigma and contribute to exudate secretion.During sexual reproduction, pollen performance is greatly influenced by the biochemical, morphological and anatomical features of the female counterpart (i.e., the pistil). In some plants, the stigma outermost surface is coated by a secretion that is released by specialized cells called papillae. This extracellular fluid, the so-called stigma exudate, mostly contains water, sugars, lipids and proteins, 1 but other compounds such as phenols, amino acids, ROS/ RNS and Ca 2+ ions are also present in measurable amounts. [2][3][4][5] The picture of the stigma secretome remains fragmentary and only a few proteins have been identified and characterized so far. [6][7][8] In a recent publication, we performed a largescale protein profiling study of the stigma exudate in two plant species, namely Eastern lily (Lilium longiflorum) and olive (Olea europaea), that substantially differ in their taxonomical position, pistil morphology and anatomy, ecology and cultivation purposes. 9 Following a proteomic-based strategy, we identified 51 and 57 unique proteins in lily and olive, respectively, most of which are first described in this secretion. The resulting data shows that the complexity of the stigma exudate, in terms of protein diversity, is higher than initially expected. 10 Under a functional perspective, this secretion has often been regarded as a mere source of water for pollen hydration, and storage compounds for sustaining

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Cleavage of chitinous elicitors from the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma crustuliniforme by host chitinases prevents induction of K + and Cl − release, extracellular alkalinization and H 2 O 2 synthesis of Picea abies cells

Cited by 37 publications

References 44 publications

Hydrogen peroxide accumulation in Medicago truncatula roots colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhiza-forming fungus Glomus intraradices

Hydrogen peroxide accumulation in Medicago truncatula roots colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhiza-forming fungus Glomus intraradices

Signaling in the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis

The plant stigma exudate

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