Rod-derived cone viability factor (RdCVF) is an inactive thioredoxin secreted by rod photoreceptors that protects cones from degeneration. Because the secondary loss of cones in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) leads to blindness, the administration of RdCVF is a promising therapy for this untreatable neurodegenerative disease. Here, we investigated the mechanism underlying the protective role of RdCVF in RP. We show that RdCVF acts through binding to Basigin-1 (BSG1), a transmembrane protein expressed specifically by photoreceptors. BSG1 binds to the glucose transporter GLUT1, resulting in increased glucose entry into cones. Increased glucose promotes cone survival by stimulation of aerobic glycolysis. Moreover, a missense mutation of RdCVF results in its inability to bind to BSG1, stimulate glucose uptake, and prevent secondary cone death in a model of RP. Our data uncover an entirely novel mechanism of neuroprotection through the stimulation of glucose metabolism.

Graphical Abstract Highlights d MemBright allows for bright and specific staining of EVs d The zebrafish embryo allows tracking of tumor EVs at high spatiotemporal resolution d Circulating tumor EVs are mostly taken up by endothelial cells and patrolling macrophages d Zebrafish melanoma EVs favor metastatic outgrowth in zebrafish embryos

The exoproteome of the fungus Fusarium graminearum grown on glucose and on hop (Humulus lupulus, L.) cell wall has been investigated. The culture medium was found to contain a higher quantity of proteins and the proteins are more diverse when the fungus is grown on cell wall. Using both 1D and 2D electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry analysis and protein identification based on similarity searches, 84 unique proteins were identified in the cell wall-grown fungal exoproteome. Many are putatively implicated in carbohydrate metabolism, mainly in cell wall polysaccharide degradation. The predicted carbohydrate-active enzymes fell into 24 different enzymes classes, and up to eight different proteins within a same class are secreted. This indicates that fungal metabolism becomes oriented towards synthesis and secretion of a whole arsenal of enzymes able to digest almost the complete plant cell wall. Cellobiohydrolase is one of the only four proteins found both after growth on glucose and on plant cell wall and we propose that this enzyme could act as a sensor of the extracellular environment. Extensive knowledge of this very diverse F. graminearum exoproteome is an important step towards the full understanding of Fusarium/plants interactions.

Ubiquitin-dependent processes can be antagonized by substratespecific deubiquitination enzymes involved in many cellular functions. In this study, we show that the yeast Ubp3-Bre5 deubiquitination complex interacts with both the chaperone-like Cdc48, a major actor of the ubiquitin and proteasome system, and Ufd3, a ubiquitin-binding cofactor of Cdc48. We observed that these partners are required for the Ubp3-Bre5-dependent and starvation-induced selective degradation of yeast mature ribosomes, also called ribophagy. By contrast, proteasomedependent degradation does not participate in this process. Our data favour the idea that these factors cooperate to recognize and deubiquitinate specific substrates of ribophagy before their vacuolar degradation.