Cleistogamous flowering in barley arises from the suppression of microRNA-guided
            <i>HvAP2</i>
            mRNA cleavage

Nair, Sudha; Wang, Ning; Turuspekov, Yerlan; Pourkheirandish, Mohammad; Sinsuwongwat, Suphawat; Chen, Guoxiong; Sameri, Mohammad; Tagiri, Akemi; Honda, Ichiro; Watanabe, Yoshiaki; Kanamori, Hajime; Wicker, Thomas; Stein, Nils; Nagamura, Yoshiaki; Matsumoto, Takashi; Komatsuda, Takao

doi:10.1073/pnas.0909097107

Cited by 198 publications

(200 citation statements)

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“…Cloning of the Lax-a gene might open future perspectives in plant breeding, provided that adverse phenotypic effects can be moderated or eliminated. Lax florets can open without the impetus force of lodicules, which were reported previously to be essential for open flowering in barley (Nair et al, 2010). Since the wild-type structures of the lemma and palea help keep barley flowers closed during anthesis, the open-flowering lax-a phenotype may help to achieve open flowering independent of lodicules to facilitate hybrid breeding in barley.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The genes controlling barley inflorescence architecture and development have only been revealed for a few characters. Major genes that control row type (vrs1 [Komatsuda et al, 2007], intermedium-c [Ramsay et al, 2011], and vrs4 [Koppolu et al, 2013]), the conversion of awns into an extra floret (Hooded; Müller et al, 1995), adherence of the hull to the caryopsis (nud; Taketa et al, 2008), swelling of lodicules conferring open/ closed flowering (cleistogamy/chasmogamy) and spike density (cly1 [Nair et al, 2010] and zeo1 [Houston et al, 2013]), elongation of awns and pistil morphology (lks2; Yuo et al, 2012), suppression of bracts (trd1; Whipple et al, 2010;Houston et al, 2012), spike branching (com2; Poursarebani et al, 2015), and brittleness of the rachis (btr1/btr2; Pourkheirandish et al, 2015) were recently cloned. A large number of additional morphological mutants that influence barley inflorescence development (Forster et al, 2007) also have been described, and the underlying genes need to be identified to reach a more complete understanding of the regulatory pathways controlling barley spike architecture and development (Forster et al, 2007).…”

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confidence: 99%

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A homolog of Blade-On-Petiole 1 and 2 (BOP1/2) controls internode length and homeotic changes of the barley inflorescence

et al. 2016

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Inflorescence architecture in small-grain cereals has a direct effect on yield and is an important selection target in breeding for yield improvement. We analyzed the recessive mutation laxatum-a (lax-a) in barley (Hordeum vulgare), which causes pleiotropic changes in spike development, resulting in (1) extended rachis internodes conferring a more relaxed inflorescence, (2) broadened base of the lemma awns, (3) thinner grains that are largely exposed due to reduced marginal growth of the palea and lemma, and (4) and homeotic conversion of lodicules into two stamenoid structures. Map-based cloning enforced by mapping-by-sequencing of the mutant lax-a locus enabled the identification of a homolog of BLADE-ON-PETIOLE1 (BOP1) and BOP2 as the causal gene. Interestingly, the recently identified barley uniculme4 gene also is a BOP1/2 homolog and has been shown to regulate tillering and leaf sheath development. While the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) BOP1 and BOP2 genes act redundantly, the barley genes contribute independent effects in specifying the developmental growth of vegetative and reproductive organs, respectively. Analysis of natural genetic diversity revealed strikingly different haplotype diversity for the two paralogous barley genes, likely affected by the respective genomic environments, since no indication for an active selection process was detected.The inflorescence is the most prominent part of smallgrain cereal plants, producing the carbohydrate-rich grains that are harvested for food, feed, and fiber. However, our understanding of the genetic factors that regulate inflorescence architecture remains limited. What is clear is that the appearance and shape of the inflorescence has been under constant visual selection since early domestication and is still ongoing in modern plant breeding due to the impact of inflorescence architecture on crop yield. For instance, in barley (Hordeum vulgare), strong selection has been exerted on spontaneously occurring alleles of nonbrittle rachis1 (btr1) and btr2 that prevent dehiscence of the rachis at maturity (Pourkheirandish et al., 2015), six-rowed spike1 (vrs1) that determines whether the inflorescence exhibits two or six rows of grain (Komatsuda et al., 2007), and nudum (nud) that controls whether the grain is hulled or hull-less (Taketa et al., 2008). Ultimately, knowing all of the genes that control cereal inflorescence architecture will provide targets for understanding and exploiting natural or induced genetic diversity toward improving both yield potential and end-use characteristics.The barley inflorescence or spike forms an unbranched main rachis carrying triplets of sessile single-floreted

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

A homolog of Blade-On-Petiole 1 and 2 (BOP1/2) controls internode length and homeotic changes of the barley inflorescence

et al. 2016

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“…The cleistogamous state in barley is recessive and is under the control of a single gene at the cleistogamy 1 (cly1) locus, which maps to the long arm of chromosome 2H. Nair et al [28] have isolated cly1 by positional cloning. This gene is a transcription factor containing two AP2 domains and a putative miR172 targeting site, and codes for an AP2-protein that inhibits the development of the lodicule, avoiding the opening of the flower and the subsequent pollen dispersal and cross-pollination.…”

Section: Cleistogamymentioning

confidence: 99%

Barley Developmental Mutants: The High Road to Understand the Cereal Spike Morphology

Terzi¹,

Tumino²,

Pagani³

et al. 2017

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Abstract:A better understanding of the developmental plan of a cereal spike is of relevance when designing the plant for the future, in which innovative traits can be implemented through pre-breeding strategies. Barley developmental mutants can be a Mendelian solution for identifying genes controlling key steps in the establishment of the spike morphology. Among cereals, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the best investigated crop plants and is a model species for the Triticeae tribe, thanks to several characteristics, including, among others, its adaptability to a wide range of environments, its diploid genome, and its self-pollinating mating system, as well as the availability of its genome sequence and a wide array of genomic resources. Among them, large collections of natural and induced mutants have been developed since the 1920s, with the aim of understanding developmental and physiological processes and exploiting mutation breeding in crop improvement. The collections are not only comprehensive in terms of single Mendelian spike mutants, but with regards to double and triple mutants derived from crosses between simple mutants, as well as near isogenic lines (NILs) that are useful for genetic studies. In recent years the integration of the most advanced omic technologies with historical mutation-genetics research has helped in the isolation and validation of some of the genes involved in spike development. New interrogatives have raised the question about how the behavior of a single developmental gene in different genetic backgrounds can help in understanding phenomena like expressivity, penetrance, phenotypic plasticity, and instability. In this paper, some genetic and epigenetic studies on this topic are reviewed.

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“…The size of a sliding window was chosen to include 30 adjacent positions in the genetic map. Yan et al, 2006;Komatsuda et al, 2007;Sutton et al, 2007;Taketa et al, 2008;Nair et al, 2010;Ramsay et al, 2011) were searched for the presence of flanking or cosegregating markers and gene sequences with BLASTN (Altschul et al, 1990), or BAC clone identifiers from the original publications were identified in the FPC database of fingerprinted contigs.…”

Section: Distribution Of Bac Librariesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Sequence-Ready Physical Map of Barley Anchored Genetically by Two Million Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms

et al. 2013

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Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is an important cereal crop and a model species for Triticeae genomics. To lay the foundation for hierarchical map-based sequencing, a genome-wide physical map of its large and complex 5.1 billion-bp genome was constructed by high-information content fingerprinting of almost 600,000 bacterial artificial chromosomes representing 14-fold haploid genome coverage. The resultant physical map comprises 9,265 contigs with a cumulative size of 4.9 Gb representing 96% of the physical length of the barley genome. The reliability of the map was verified through extensive genetic marker information and the analysis of topological networks of clone overlaps. A minimum tiling path of 66,772 minimally overlapping clones was defined that will serve as a template for hierarchical clone-by-clone map-based shotgun sequencing. We integrated whole-genome shotgun sequence data from the individuals of two mapping populations with published bacterial artificial chromosome survey sequence information to genetically anchor the physical map. This novel approach in combination with the comprehensive whole-genome shotgun sequence data sets allowed us to independently validate and improve a previously reported physical and genetic framework. The resources developed in this study will underpin fine-mapping and cloning of agronomically important genes and the assembly of a draft genome sequence.

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Cleistogamous flowering in barley arises from the suppression of microRNA-guided HvAP2 mRNA cleavage

Cited by 198 publications

References 40 publications

A homolog of Blade-On-Petiole 1 and 2 (BOP1/2) controls internode length and homeotic changes of the barley inflorescence

A homolog of Blade-On-Petiole 1 and 2 (BOP1/2) controls internode length and homeotic changes of the barley inflorescence

Barley Developmental Mutants: The High Road to Understand the Cereal Spike Morphology

A Sequence-Ready Physical Map of Barley Anchored Genetically by Two Million Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms

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