Climacteric modifications in body weight and fat tissue distribution

Gambacciani, Marco; Ciaponi, Massimo; Cappagli, Barbara; Benussi, Caterina; Simone, L. De; Genazzani, Andrea R.

doi:10.3109/13697139909025561

Cited by 88 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…This finding is consistent with the low serum levels of E 2 found in these patients. Sex hormones have an important impact on body fat distribution and there is evidence, at least for women, that a fall in E 2 -as observed during the menopause -is associated with a more central body fat distribution (35,36). However, conclusions should be drawn with caution on the basis of the present findings, since the DEXA technique does not allow the metabolically important differentiation between visceral and subcutaneous fat mass.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 44%

Sex steroids and body composition in men with cystic fibrosis

Leifke¹,

Friemert²,

Heilmann

et al. 2003

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Objective: Delayed sexual maturation and low body weight is common in cystic fibrosis (CF). Concomitant data on sex hormones and concomitant body composition are lacking in men with CF. Design: Cross-sectional study. Subjects and methods: Serum levels of testosterone, 17b-oestradiol (E 2 ), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and LH were measured by RIA and total and regional lean body mass (LBM), fat body mass (FBM), bone mineral content and bone mineral density (BMD) were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, in men with CF (n ¼ 40; age 24:7^5:4 years) and age-matched healthy controls ðn ¼ 28; age 25:7^3:7Þ: Only men without acute disease exacerbation or systemic glucocorticoid treatment were included. Results: Mean levels of hormonal serum parameters differed significantly between healthy controls ðtestosterone ¼ 20:2^5:5 nmol=l; E 2 ¼ 95:0^20:2 pmol=l; 25ðOHÞD ¼ 62:8^28:3 nmol=lÞ and patients ðtestosterone ¼ 15:9^4:1 nmol=l; E 2 ¼ 60:7^19:4 pmol=l; 25ðOHÞD ¼ 39:5^17:8 nmol=l; P , 0:001Þ while no difference was found for SHBG or LH. Eleven (for E 2 , 19 of 40, for 25(OH)D, 20 of 40) out of 40 patients had serum testosterone levels 2 S.D. below the mean of normal. Men with CF showed a relative shift from FBM to LBM and a different body fat distribution compared with healthy controls ðP , 0:01Þ: Testosterone was not correlated with weight, total or regional LBM or FBM, but significantly with BMD ðr ¼ 0:32; P , 0:05Þ independently from body height and 25(OH)D levels. E 2 was correlated with regional and total FBM ðr ¼ 0:48; P , 0:05Þ: In a multiple regression analysis of the joint effect of testosterone and body components on E 2 , a testosteroneindependent effect was found for FBM. Conclusions: CF patients with stable disease have moderately reduced serum testosterone levels. This might already imply detrimental effects on bone. The change in LBM of patients appears to have no direct association with sex hormone levels while low FBM might cause reduced net conversion of serum testosterone to E 2 with possible effects on FBM distribution.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 44%

Sex steroids and body composition in men with cystic fibrosis

Leifke¹,

Friemert²,

Heilmann

et al. 2003

European Journal of Endocrinology

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“…This indicates a natural (normal) change in body fat distribution of middle-aged and older women. 5 In contrast, results of the GG genotype revealed that FM and waist size were inversely associated with age. Consequently, our data suggest that (1) middle-aged women with the GG genotype presented with a larger FM and waist, and (2) older women with the GG genotype presented with a smaller FM and waist, compared with the AA genotype, despite the observation in the middle-aged women (see Table 3).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…[1][2][3] Though, in general, upper-body or android-type 4 obesity, with a large waist or WHR, is more frequently observed in men compared with women, this obesity phenotype is also observed fairly often in postmenopausal women. 5 This is because estrogen deficiency during the normal menopausal transition accelerates the selective deposition of intra-abdominal fat. 6 With respect to estrogen's association to body fat distribution, several authors [6][7][8][9][10] have reported that estrogen hormone replacement therapy had desirable effects on body fat distribution in postmenopausal women.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of polymorphisms in the estrogen receptor α gene with body fat distribution

et al. 2003

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OBJECTIVE:To examine whether polymorphisms of the estrogen receptor (ER) a gene are associated with body fat distribution. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, epidemiological study of two single-nucleotide polymorphisms, a T-C (PvuII) and an A-G (XbaI), in the first intron of the ERa gene. SUBJECTS: A total of 2238 community-dwelling middle-aged and elderly Japanese population (age: 40-79 y). MEASUREMENTS: The ERa genotypes (by automated fluorescent allele-specific DNA primer assay system), anthropometric variables, fat mass (FM) and percentage FM (%FM) (by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry). RESULTS: FM and waist were inversely associated with age (r ¼ À0.630 and À0.504, respectively) in women with the GG genotype. On the other hand, waist circumference of the AA genotype was positively correlated with age (r ¼ 0.231). Thus, for middle-aged women (40-59 y) with the AG or GG genotype body mass index (BMI), %FM, FM, waist, hip and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were larger than those with the AA genotype. In particular, FM and waist were greater by 20% and 9%, respectively, for the GG genotype, compared to the AA genotype. Alternatively, FM and waist were smaller by 18% and 6%, respectively, in older women with the GG genotype, compared to the AA genotype. No effect was found among the A-G polymorphisms for men. For both genders, no difference was found in any variables among the TT, TC and CC genotypes with the exception of BMI of older men (60-79 y). CONCLUSION: No association was found between the ERa gene polymorphisms and body fat distribution in men. For women, the A-G polymorphism, in particular the GG genotype, may contribute to the development of upper-body obesity in middleaged individuals, but may serve to decrease the whole-body and abdominal fat tissue of older individuals.

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“…In animal experiments it was shown that a lack of estrogen causes an increase of body fat resulting in obesity (Danilovich, et al, 2000, Heine, et al, 2000 and hypercholesterolemia (Hewitt, et al, 2003, Jones, et al, 2000. The increase in body fat weight combined to a changed distribution of fat depots to a more central android distribution can be observed in postmenopausal women as well (Gambacciani, et al, 1999, Gambacciani, et al, 2001, Gambacciani, et al, 1997. These effects might be mediated by the ERβ (Liang, et al, 2002) but research with estrogen receptor α knock out mice (αERKO) points more towards an ameliorating effect of the ERβ (Naaz, et al, 2002).…”

Section: Estrogen Estrogen Estrogen Estrogen Estrogenmentioning

confidence: 96%