Climate-proofing coastal cities: What is needed to go from envisioning to enacting multifunctional solutions for waterfront climate adaptation?

Managed retreat and planned retreat: a systematic literature review

“…The vast majority explore these factors at the state scale via localized/regional case study examples. This trend is reflected across a range of geographies, including the United States [57,58,[69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78]; South America [79,80]; Canada [81,82]; Western European countries including France, Germany, Austria, and Sweden [83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93]; the United Kingdom and Ireland [56,94,95]; and the South Asia and Asia-Pacific region [20,21,52,82,85,[96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107]. Almost all of these papers are concerned with understanding retreat from coastal or lowlying areas, with the exception of some o...…”

“…Better coordination across different levels of government is identified as a key barrier to implementing managed retreat across a variety of jurisdictions [69,92,116,119,121]. Thaler et al [87] offer a comprehensive assessment of policy windows and opportunities to leverage those when implementing managed retreat in Austria (consider also [86]).…”

Permeability of Waterfronts—Contemporary Approach in Designing Urban Blue Spaces

“…In the case of operating port quays, where it is necessary to maintain the cargo handling function, the ordinate of the quay walls is usually raised to a safe height that is not any longer a subject to flooding. In case of public spaces on waterfronts however, it is possible to change the paradigm of shaping waterfronts towards increasing their permeability, and using water as an active part of the urban blue public spaces [1,2,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. Even the flood protection infrastructure might be planned as being multifunctional and integrated with the design of public space [33,34].…”

“…In case of public spaces on waterfronts however, it is possible to change the paradigm of shaping waterfronts towards increasing their permeability, and using water as an active part of the urban blue public spaces [1,2,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. Even the flood protection infrastructure might be planned as being multifunctional and integrated with the design of public space [33,34]. A reflection of these changes is even seen in semantics and the vocabulary of city strategies-the phrase "fight with water" is increasingly being replaced by the such phrases as: "working with water", "living with water", "place for the river" [35].…”