Climatic Characteristics and Determination Method for Freezing Rain in China

Zhou, Yue; Yanyu, Yue; Gao, Zhengxu; Zhou, Yuehua

doi:10.1155/2017/4635280

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This statistic is consistent with the results of J. Cortinas (2004) and Y. Zhou et al. (2017). However, nearly 7% (656) of the freezing rain occurred when the

{T}_{as}

was greater than 0°C.…”

Section: Observational Analysissupporting

confidence: 93%

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Occurrence of Warm Freezing Rain: Observation and Modeling Study

Han

Liu

2022

JGR Atmospheres

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Freezing rain has been normally considered to be composed of supercooled raindrops when the 2 m air temperature (hereafter Tas ${T}_{as}$) is below freezing. However, according to a statistical survey of freezing rain observations in China from 2000 to 2019, we find that there were 656 events that occurred at Tas ${T}_{as}$ greater than 0°C (hereafter warm freezing rain and denoted by WFR), which account for 7% of the total freezing rain observations. Additionally, nearly 3% (266 observations) of freezing rain events occurred when the near‐surface wet‐bulb temperature was greater than 0°C. The modeling and sensitivity experiments on the nonequilibrium raindrop temperature (hereafter Tr ${T}_{r}$) show that the temperature difference between raindrops and the atmosphere is the main cause of WFR. The magnitudes of the normalΔTar ${\Delta}{T}_{ar}$ (difference between raindrop temperature Tr ${T}_{r}$ and air temperature Ta ${T}_{a}$) and normalΔTwr ${\Delta}{T}_{wr}$ (difference between Tr ${T}_{r}$ and wet‐bulb temperature Tw ${T}_{w}$) are determined by the raindrop diameter D, temperature lapse rate Г, and relative humidity RH. Increases of D and Г, and a decrease of RH enhance normalΔTar ${\Delta}{T}_{ar}$ and normalΔTwr ${\Delta}{T}_{wr}$ and thus the occurrence of WFR. Further simulations of 4 idealized and 370 real sounding profiles reveal that either the Ta ${T}_{a}$ or the Tw ${T}_{w}$ cannot properly distinguish the WFR events. When considering the temperature difference between raindrops and the atmosphere, the WFR can form by the “melting of solid hydrometeors” or “supercooled warm rain process.” This study can also deepen our understanding of the conditions of WFR and freezing rain formation at different altitudes.

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“…This statistic is consistent with the results of J. Cortinas (2004) and Y. Zhou et al. (2017). However, nearly 7% (656) of the freezing rain occurred when the

{T}_{as}

was greater than 0°C.…”

Section: Observational Analysissupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Cortinas (2004) and Y. Zhou et al (2017). However, nearly 7% (656) of the freezing rain occurred when the 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 was greater than 0°C.…”

Section: Observational Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Warm Freezing Rain: Observation and Modeling Study

Han

Liu

2022

JGR Atmospheres

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“…Naturally, they are affected greatly by local topographies and climate conditions and always occur in some given regions (Tan et al, 1985). In general, the rime often appears in North China, Northeast China and northern Northwest China, while the glaze usually concentrates in the belt between the Yellow River and the Yangtze River valley and the region south of the Yangtze River valley (Zhao et al, 2010;Wang et al, 2011Wang et al, , 2014. As the rapid development of electric power and communication, economic losses and social impacts caused by the icing events have been increasing in China.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preceding features and relationship with possible affecting factors of persistent and extensive icing events in China

Wang

Yang

Zhou

2017

Intl Journal of Climatology

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As two major types of icing, rime and glaze, especially those with long persistency and extensive coverage, cause great economic and social damages for China. Based on 28 persistent and extensive rime events and 19 glaze events in China, this article examined their preceding features and relationship with large‐scale climate factors. The results show that the pronounced preceding signals for these events include the Ural and Okhotsk blocking highs, major East Asian trough, cold air actives, southwesterly moisture transportation and upper‐level jet stream. They intensify greatly 5–7 days ahead, indicating the forthcoming icing events and weaken significantly foretelling the ending of the events. Large‐scale climate factors such as negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation, strong Siberian high, La Niña background and low sea surface temperature from the tropical Indian Ocean to the tropical western Pacific favour the occurrence of glaze events in China by intensifying the East Asian winter monsoon and exciting the southward outbreak of cold airs. In the meantime, deep wintertime semi‐permanent trough in the southern branch of westerlies is crucial for the northward moisture transportation. However, only the low sea surface temperature from the tropical Indian Ocean to the tropical western Pacific and the deep wintertime semi‐permanent trough in the southern branch of westerlies are significantly related to the occurrence of rime events in China. Although weak Australian low and strong western Pacific subtropical high also favour water vapour transportation, they are observed only during a small portion of icing events.

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2023

Climatology in Cold Regions

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Climatic Characteristics and Determination Method for Freezing Rain in China

Cited by 9 publications

References 21 publications

Occurrence of Warm Freezing Rain: Observation and Modeling Study

Occurrence of Warm Freezing Rain: Observation and Modeling Study

Preceding features and relationship with possible affecting factors of persistent and extensive icing events in China

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