Climatic effects on sugarcane productivity in India: a stochastic production function application

Implications of Climatic and Non-climatic Variables on Food Security in Developing Economies: A Conceptual Review

“…There are several factors that plays a significant role to sustain food security at individual/households/national/global level. Food security is significantly associated with age, sex, occupation, employment, vegetarian and non-vegetarian diet, poverty, per capita income, income inequalities, demand of food-grains, rapid population growth, fluctuation in food-grains and oil prices, poor market accessibility, low irrigation facilities, application of fertilizer, credit accessibility, cost of cultivation, application of traditional technologies in cultivation, literacy of farmers, declining land productivity and soil quality, decline in arable land due to urbanization and industrialization, diminishing ground water availability due to over exploitation of water, geographical location, government policies, government expenditure on agriculture and rural development, public spending on R&D, natural resource management and environmental protection policies, trade policies, and climate change [1,2,5,6,[8][9][10][11]27,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45]. As high income inequalities increase people's involvement in illegal activities outside the market which contribute political and social instability.…”

“…Family size, age of household's head, cultivated area, food production, inefficient food-grain market, rising food prices and credit accessibility have a significant impact on food security [33,37,39,44,65,68,71,87,92]. Education level and people's income, drinking water availability, livestock rearing, farm size, irrigation facilities and fertilizer, land intensification, soil and water conservation practices, infrastructure development, gross farm and non-farm income, health facilities, access to credit and employment opportunities have positive influence on food security in most developing economies [1,23,36,41,44,65,68,71,74,80,84,85,86,87]. government policy factors.…”

“…Thus, there is essential to adopt modern technology in agriculture to increase food productivity. While, agricultural productivity would improve as increasing irrigation facilities, high yields varieties of seed, improving soil quality using bio-fertilizer, government expenditure on infrastructural development and agriculture and rural development, public spending on agricultural R&D, market accessibility, crop insurance policies [1,6,23,41]. In addition, effective rural and urban development schemes for poverty eradication and to reduce income inequalities, appropriate credit facilities to farmers, policies to regulate food prices, proper storage facilities for food products, fair food distribution policy, livestock rearing occupations, and to create more employment opportunities in non-agricultural sector, accessibility of safe drinking water, primary health and education facilities, and healthy environment would be keys components to sustain food security.…”

“…Also, irrigated area has a greater yield advantages than rainfed/non-irrigated area [1,5,9,10,23,41,84]. Therefore, policy makers essential to increase investments in irrigation facilities that would improve the water efficiency to increase agricultural productivity [1,41,85].…”

“…Therefore, policy makers essential to increase investments in irrigation facilities that would improve the water efficiency to increase agricultural productivity [1,41,85]. Irrigation facilities would improve as application of water harvesting and water conservation policies [85], efficient use of water through micro-irrigation techniques (sprinkler and drip irrigation).…”