Clinical and Immunological Aspects of Newcastle Disease Vaccination in Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus)

Denadai, Janine; Paulillo, Antônio Carlos; Schmidt, Elizabeth Moreira dos Santos; Martins, Gislaine Regina Vieira; Lapera, Ivan Moura; Carrasco, Adriano de Oliveira Torres

doi:10.3923/ijps.2010.765.766

Cited by 1 publication

(2 citation statements)

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“…With captive pet birds, preventive measures such as vaccination could help diminish clinical signs and the duration and amount of viral shedding. The efficacy of ND vaccination in white-winged parakeets is unknown, although Denadai et al [ 112 ] determined that Australian parakeets could be safely and effectively vaccinated against ND. The negative correlation between the probability of acute disease-related death ( pd A ) and R 0 in both models ( Fig 7 ) reflects the importance of removing acutely-infected individuals from the population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We estimated the duration of the juvenile stage based on two factors: (1) the age when juveniles develop immune-competence, and (2) when their survival rate starts to increase. Development of immuno-competence in psittacines and other altricial species is poorly understood [ 131 , 132 ], but appears to occur between six weeks [ 102 , 111 ] and five months [ 112 ]. Considering juvenile survival, it is widely recognized that juveniles of many avian species suffer their highest mortality during the first several months after fledging [ 113 – 116 ], which for white-winged parakeets occurs at roughly six weeks of age [ 109 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interacting Effects of Newcastle Disease Transmission and Illegal Trade on a Wild Population of White-Winged Parakeets in Peru: A Modeling Approach

et al. 2016

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Illegal wildlife-pet trade can threaten wildlife populations directly from overharvest, but also indirectly as a pathway for introduction of infectious diseases. This study evaluated consequences of a hypothetical introduction of Newcastle disease (ND) into a wild population of Peru’s most trafficked psittacine, the white-winged parakeet (Brotogeris versicolurus), through release of infected confiscated individuals. We developed two mathematical models that describe ND transmission and the influence of illegal harvest in a homogeneous (model 1) and age-structured population of parakeets (model 2). Infection transmission dynamics and harvest were consistent for all individuals in model 1, which rendered it mathematically more tractable compared to the more complex, age-structured model 2 that separated the host population into juveniles and adults. We evaluated the interaction of ND transmission and harvest through changes in the basic reproduction number (R0) and short-term host population dynamics. Our findings demonstrated that ND introduction would likely provoke considerable disease-related mortality, up to 24% population decline in two years, but high harvest rates would dampen the magnitude of the outbreak. Model 2 produced moderate differences in disease dynamics compared to model 1 (R0 = 3.63 and 2.66, respectively), but highlighted the importance of adult disease dynamics in diminishing the epidemic potential. Therefore, we suggest that future studies should use a more realistic, age-structured model. Finally, for the presumptive risk that illegal trade of white-winged parakeets could introduce ND into wild populations, our results suggest that while high harvest rates may have a protective effect on the population by reducing virus transmission, the combined effects of high harvest and disease-induced mortality may threaten population survival. These results capture the complexity and consequences of the interaction between ND transmission and harvest in a wild parrot population and highlight the importance of preventing illegal trade.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%