Clinical, Biochemical and Haemodynamic Effects of the Intrathecal Ketamine for Ovariohysterectomy in Bitches

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of intrathecal (IT) ketamine HCl anesthesia on clinical values and some haemodynamic and biochemical parameters in bitches. An IT ketamine (10 mg/kg) was administered to 30 bitches with a spinal needle (18-22 G) in the lumbosacral space. The haemodynamic parameters were monitored and some biochemical values were assessed (blood gase, oxygen-haemoglobin, and electrolyte levels). The length and depth of anaesthesia was determined with a pinprick test, touching to the ligamenta lata uteri and incision. Anaesthesia took effect in less than 1 min in all dogs and has lasted an average of 95.9 min. In spite of the fact that the dogs recovered completely from the effects of dissociative anaesthesia, the anaesthesia in the some extremities was observed to be continued for an average of 17 min longer. The use of IT ketamine HCl raised blood pressure and did not have a depressive effect on respiratory and cardiac functions. It was concluded that ketamine HCl could be an appropriate alternative for ovariohysterectomy operations in bitches when the quality of the anaesthesia and the prevention of bradycardia and hypotension are considered.

Ovariohisterektomi Yapılan Köpeklerde Propofol Uygulamasını Takiben Bupivacaine ya da Ropivacainin İntratekal Uygulamasının Etkileri

“…Five minutes later, dogs were placed in the prone position. IT anesthesia was performed under aseptic conditions with either 20 mg [1] (4 mL as total dose) bupivacaine (Marcaine®, 5 mg/mL Astra Zenaca) or 30 mg [1] (4 mL as total dose) ropivacaine (Naropin® 7.5 mg/mL, Astra Zenaca) injected into the L7-S1 or L6-L7 as previously described [1,3,5,7,8] . If the spinal puncture was suspicious or unsuccessful, it was not insisted and abandoned.…”

“…Intrathecal (IT) or subarachnoid anesthesia providing sympathetic, sensory and motor nerve blockage with injection of local anesthetics into the subarachnoid space has become quite popular in recent years [1][2][3] . IT anesthesia is a simple and more economic approach to anesthesia as it can be administered without the equipment and devices required for inhalation anesthesia, but the experience during administration can be viewed as a disadvantage [1,3] .…”

“…IT anesthesia is a simple and more economic approach to anesthesia as it can be administered without the equipment and devices required for inhalation anesthesia, but the experience during administration can be viewed as a disadvantage [1,3] . IT anesthesia is preferred to general anesthesia for hind limb surgery, flank surgery, ovariohysterectomy, cesarean section and tail surgery in many animal species [1][2][3][4][5] .…”

“…By sliding the finger in the cephalic direction, the next intervertebra space is L6-L7; this is the site where the puncture is performed using a disposable 20-25 G spinal needle which is inserted through median access at approximately 45°. After crossing the arachnoids membrane, the needle mandrel is removed to obtain free CSF leakage-proof of correct needle placement [1,3,[6][7][8][9] . Propofol, a weak analgesic, has been preferred before anesthesia to ensure quick recovery and minimal side effects, patient comfort, safety and immobility.…”

“…Bupivacaine provides advantages over ropivacaine in terms of depth of anesthesia and duration of anesthesia, but it can cause ventricular arrhythmia and cardiotoxicity [2,3,[16][17][18] . Animals are usually sedated before intrathecal anesthesia.…”