Clinical Disorders of Olfaction

Doty, Richard L.

doi:10.1002/9781118971758.ch17

Cited by 57 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 268 publications

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“…Odour and taste compounds are delivered using a tubing system that is inserted into the nostril (olfactometer; for a description see Doty et al , 2015)59 or the lateral aspects of the anterior tongue (gustometer; for a technical explanation see Hummel et al , 2010) 60. Currently, there is no recommendation for the clinical uses of chemosensory event-related potentials (CSERPs) (table 1), recording parameters and analysis.…”

Section: Chemosensory Event-related Potentialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical evoked potentials in neurology: a review of techniques and indications

Lascano

Lalive

Hardmeier

et al. 2017

J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry

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Evoked potentials (EPs) are a powerful and cost-effective tool for evaluating the integrity and function of the central nervous system. Although imaging techniques, such as MRI, have recently become increasingly important in the diagnosis of neurological diseases, over the past 30 years, many neurologists have continued to employ EPs in specific clinical applications. This review presents an overview of the recent evolution of 'classical' clinical applications of EPs in terms of early diagnosis and disease monitoring and is an extension of a previous review published in this journal in 2005 by Walsh and collaborators. We also provide an update on emerging EPs based on gustatory, olfactory and pain stimulation that may be used as clinically relevant markers of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and cortical or peripheral impaired pain perception. EPs based on multichannel electroencephalography recordings, known as high-density EPs, help to better differentiate between healthy subjects and patients and, moreover, they provide valuable spatial information regarding the site of the lesion. EPs are reliable disease-progression biomarkers of several neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating disorders. Overall, EPs are excellent neurophysiological tools that will expand standard clinical practice in modern neurology.

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Section: Chemosensory Event-related Potentialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical evoked potentials in neurology: a review of techniques and indications

Lascano

Lalive

Hardmeier

et al. 2017

J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry

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“…Different serous glands produce the nasal mucus and nasal secretion that are propelled from the ciliated cells to the nasopharynx. The mucus is well characterized and creates a mild acidic and antibacterial milieu with a pH of 5.5 -6.5 [19]. The nasal respiratory epithelium is innervated by the trigeminal nerve, the fifth of the cranial nerves.…”

Section: Anatomy and Histology Of The Nasal Cavitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Turbulences at the olfactory cleft increase the residence time of the inspired air to increase the interaction of the olfactory receptors with odorants. Hence, small number of odorant substances can be detected [19]. The unmyelinated axons of olfactory neurons spread through the basal lamina and form the fila olfactoria nerve bundles enclosed by olfactory ensheathing cells and olfactory nerve fibroblasts [25].…”

Section: Anatomy and Histology Of The Nasal Cavitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The nasal cavity is divided longitudinally by the nasal septum and extends from the nostrils to the nasopharynx (roughly 12-14 cm), but has an impressively large mucosa surface area (about 160 cm 2 ) [18,19]. The frontal and lateral views are shown in Figure 1.…”

Section: Anatomy and Histology Of The Nasal Cavitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In humans the olfactory region comprises up to 10 % of the surface area of the nasal epithelium while accounting for about 30 % of the surface area in rodents [18]. The olfactory epithelium is formed by columnar epithelial cells, olfactory neurons, supporting cells, basal cells and Bowman's glands [19]. Olfactory neurons are the only neurons having their cell bodies located in a distal epithelium and their non-motile cilia processes extend into the mucus hence being in direct contact to the environment ( Figure 2).…”

Section: Anatomy and Histology Of The Nasal Cavitymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Nose-to-Brain delivery of insulin for Alzheimer’s disease

Stützle¹,

Flamm²,

Carle

et al. 2015

ADMET DMPK

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The transport of small molecules, peptides and proteins via the olfactory epithelium and along olfactory and trigeminal nerve pathways from the nasal cavity to the brain is very well known and clinically established for central nervous system (CNS) active drugs like oxytocin, sumatriptan or insulin. Insulin is a clinically well-established biopharmaceutical with a validated function in cognition. Central supply with insulin via intranasal administration improves cognition in animal models CNS delivery -an unmet medical needThe World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that more than a billion people worldwide are suffering from diseases of the central nervous system (CNS; [1,2]). Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative dementia in the industrialized world, with prevalence rates well over 30 % in the over 80-years-old population [1,2]. AD causes enormous costs to the social healthcare systems, as well as personal tragedies for the patients, families and caregivers. Like most neurodegenerative diseases, AD has a poor prognosis and only symptomatic therapy is currently available. Efficient treatment strategies are still limited and an aging society in demographic change presents an enormous challenge to the health systems of industrialized nations. Despite the extensive research and effort to uncover the mechanism of AD pathogenesis, more or less all drug candidates failed to demonstrate significant effects on cognition in clinical trials [3,4].A highly critical point in that context is the low central availability of drugs. The passage of most CNSactive drugs and in particular of biopharmaceuticals is massively hampered by the blood-brain barrier

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