Clinical Manifestations of Foot-and-Mouth Disease During the 2010/2011 Epidemic in the Republic of Korea

Abstract

We reviewed the clinical signs of the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) incidences in the Republic of Korea occurring from November 2010 to April 2011. Profuse salivation, vesiculation, lameness or ataxia, and ulceration were the most commonly observed clinical signs of FMD among the infected animals, irrespective of the species. The clinical signs of FMD manifested more clearly in the dairy cattle and pigs compared to the beef cattle, deer and goats on infected farms. About 54% of the infected dairy farms reported vesicles on the teats as the primary clinical sign, while vesiculation on the nose, including the snout and muzzle, was the major lesion observed in infected beef cattle and pig farms. The teat and feet were the second most frequently vesiculated body parts on infected pigs. Although the average age of the first-to-appear clinical lesion in the animals in the beef and dairy cattle farms subjected to vaccination was higher than that observed in the animals in the farms not subjected to vaccination, a reverse pattern was observed in the pig farms. In this study, the clinical signs of FMD were described on the basis of the subjective observations by the farm workers. The present results highlight the clinical signs expected on specific body parts of different types of susceptible animals, and therefore, they may be useful for generating public awareness, particularly among farm workers, as well as for early detection of future FMD outbreaks.

Constitutively Active IRF7/IRF3 Fusion Protein Completely Protects Swine against Foot-and-Mouth Disease

“…Although vaccination of swine is not a common practice, it is occasionally used to control outbreaks. For example, swine vaccination was used in Taiwan and South Korea to contain outbreaks in 1997 and 2010 (7,8). In addition, avoidance of the disease in pigs, which are great disseminators of the virus, plays a fundamental role in preventing transmission to other species and it is a key component in FMD control strategies.…”

Dietary germanium biotite supplementation enhances the induction of antibody responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine in pigs

“…FMD causes extensive financial loss, and has a devastating effect on national and international live animal populations as well as the animal product trade [1]. A severe outbreak of FMD in Korea occurred during 2010~2011 [10]. Following this outbreak, emergency vaccination was carried out as a control measure and a routine vaccination program is still ongoing to further regulate FMD infection.…”

“…Inactivated foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccine typically used in Korea contains intact FMDV delivered with incomplete oil-based adjuvants. This combination is effective for reducing disease incidence and has been successfully used for controlling FMD in Korea [10]. However, this vaccine has numerous disadvantages including a poor cell-mediated immune (CMI) response and a short duration of immunity compared to that conferred by natural FMDV infection [5].…”

Foot-and-Mouth Disease, an Economically Important Disease of Animals

“…The clinical signs appear within 2 to 3 days after FMDV exposure and may last for 7-10 days. Fever and vesicles on the feet, between the toes as well as on heels, around the mouth, particularly in lips as well as tongue and palate, and on the mammary glands are noteworthy but characteristic lesions are observed in interdigital space and coronary bands of hooves (Alexandersen et al, 2003;Teifke et al, 2012;Verma et al, 2012a;Yoon et al, 2012). In rare cases, the external genitalia may also develop the lesions.…”

“…In sheep and goats, lesions are less pronounced with variable clinical signs (Callens et al, 1998;Barnett and Cox, 1999;Viuff et al, 2002;Yoon et al, 2012). Foot lesions may not be recognizable.…”