Clinical Pathology of the Foal

Axon, Jane E.; Palmer, Jonathan E.

doi:10.1016/j.cveq.2008.03.005

Cited by 82 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Conversely, other studies [1] reported that urea and creatinine levels are high at birth, but rapidly decrease to values similar to those reported for adult animals. These variations were not observed in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Effects of L-Arginine Supplementation on Lactating Mares and the Development of Foals

Hunka

Silva

Kutschenko³

et al. 2016

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: Most animal species are able to produce Arginine (Arg) under normal conditions. However, in some situations, its degradation can be higher than its production. For example, during a period of lactation or disease, there is an increase in the consumption of Arg. In this case, endogenous production is not enough for the animal's demands. Indeed, Arg supplementation in animals has several benefits for the animal's body, such as the increase of angiogenesis, improvements in immunity and the reproductive system, as well as the stimulation of lactogenesis. During the early phase of growth, a deficiency of Arg could cause a reduction in the growth rate and metabolic activity of animals. Therefore, this amino acid is considered essential in some phases of the life of animals. However, very few studies of the supplementation of this amino acid in horses have been carried out. The aim of the present study was to characterize the effects of supplementing lactating mares and their foals with Arg. Materials, Methods & Results:Lactating mares (n = 10) were divided into two groups (control group: n = 3 / supplemented group: n = 7) and maintained exclusively under grazing. The supplemented group received 50 g of Arg during the lactation period. Samples of milk and blood from mares and blood from foals were collected at different phases of the lactation period. The following parameters were measured in milk: Glutamine (Gln); Glutamate (Glu); protein; fat; casein; lactose; urea and total solids. The following parameters were measured in blood: Gln; Glu; total plasmatic protein (TPP); albumin; urea; creatinine; uric acid; triglycerides; total cholesterol; calcium (C); phosphorous (P); magnesium (Mg) and ferrous (Fe). In addition, the biometric parameters of Wither Height (WH), Chest Perimeter (CP), Cannon Bone Circumference (CBC) and Fat Percentage (FP) of foals were obtained. A significant increase of Gln was observed in the milk in both groups (P < 0.05). The highest concentration of Gln was detected in the third month of the lactation period in the supplemented group (~ 2.26 mmol/mL), and the control group (~ 1.91 mmol/mL) during the same period. Gln did not alter in the blood (P > 0.05), although Glu was higher in the control group in the first month of the lactation period (~ 0.21 mmol/mL) (P < 0.05). An increase in uric acid (~ 0.19 mmol/L) in both groups on the day of birth (P < 0.05). In the supplemented group, increases in triglycerides (~ 0.60 mmol/L), Ca (~ 2.90 mmol/L) and Mg (~ 0.52 mmol/L) were observed in the first month of the lactation (P < 0.05). At birth, foals exhibited high levels of urea (~ 4.67 mmol/L) and uric acid (~ 0.21 mmol/L), and low levels of P (~ 2.02 mmol/L) (P < 0.05). The levels of Gln in the blood of foals remained between 0.50 and 0.70 mmol/mL throughout the lactation period (P > 0.05). Even when they were added (Gln + Glu), no differences were observed (P > 0.05). However, when the biometric parameters were analyzed, significant variations were detected in almost all charac...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Effects of L-Arginine Supplementation on Lactating Mares and the Development of Foals

Hunka

Silva

Kutschenko³

et al. 2016

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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“…Statistical differences were found between sampling time for MCV, while no differences were observed for MCH and MCHC. It can be hypothesized that the decrease in MCV may be related to a physiological fetal erythrocyte disruption/elimination from the bloodstream and an increase in microcytes production, as occurring in foals (Harvey et al, 1984;1987;Axon and Palmer, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The K3EDTA samples collected at 24 h of life were processed in the same way. The differential count was used to calculate Neutrophil-Lymphocyte ratio (N/L) in order to verify the maturity of calves, as previously reported in foals (Axon and Palmer, 2008). Calves with N/L >2 were considered mature.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Some Physical, Haemathological and Clinical Chemistry Parameters in Healthy Newborn Italian Holstein Calves

Bonelli¹,

Castagnetti²,

EleonoraIacono³

et al. 2015

American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

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Abstract:The aim of the present study was to investigate some physical, haematological and clinical chemistry parameters in the newborn Italian Holstein calf at birth and at 24 h of life, to evaluate changes during the immediate post-partum period. Forty-six Italian Holstein Friesian calves were included in this study. Heart rate, respiratory rate and body temperature were recorded at birth and at 24 h of life. The time needed to raise the head, acquire sternal recumbency, stand up were also recorded. Blood samples were collected before first feeding and at 24 h of age and CBC count, L-lactate, glucose and total protein concentrations were evaluated. The head was raised immediately in 46/46 calves, suckling reflex was acquired within 12±9 min, sternal position in 5±2 min and newborn stood up in 38±30 min. Some of the physical data, haematological and biochemical values showed statistical differences between birth and 24 h of age. The results from this study provide some information about physical and laboratory data of Italian Holstein Friesian calves, at birth and at 24 h of life. Our results confirm that several clinical and laboratory values in newborn calves differ from adult reference intervals and from calves of different breeds.

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“…Hospitalized foals with critical disorders such as sepsis, pneumonia, enterocolitis, neonatal encephalopathy (NE), and prematurity/dysmaturity frequently develop acid–base, fluid, electrolyte and plasma protein disturbances 1, 2. Possible mechanisms for these disturbances include reduced perfusion because of hypovolemia and hypotension,3, 4, 5, 6 activation of hormonal mechanisms including the renin angiotensin aldosterone system and vasopressin,7, 8, 9 tubular damage,10, 11 and perturbation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis 12.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Possible mechanisms for these disturbances include reduced perfusion because of hypovolemia and hypotension,3, 4, 5, 6 activation of hormonal mechanisms including the renin angiotensin aldosterone system and vasopressin,7, 8, 9 tubular damage,10, 11 and perturbation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis 12. Plasma protein alterations might be caused by increased capillary leakage,12, 13 altered intravascular and tissue albumin distribution, imbalances between albumin synthesis and degradation14, 15 and failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) 2…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Physicochemical Approach to Determine the Mechanism for Acid–Base Disorders in 793 Hospitalized Foals

Gómez

Biermann

Sanchez

2015

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundThe quantitative effect of strong electrolytes, unmeasured strong anions (UAs), pCO 2, and plasma protein concentrations in determining plasma pH can be demonstrated using the physicochemical approach. Plasma anion gap (AG) and strong ion gap (SIG) are used to assess UAs in different species.HypothesesStrong ions are a major factor influencing changes in plasma pH of hospitalized foals. AG and SIG accurately predict severe hyper‐l‐lactatemia ([l‐lac−] > 7 mmol/L).AnimalsSeven hundred and ninety three hospitalized foals < 7 days old.MethodsRetrospective study. The relationship between measured pH and physicochemical variables, and the relationship between plasma [l‐lac−] and AG and SIG, were determined using regression analyses. Optimal AG and SIG cut points to predict hyper‐l‐lactatemia were identified using an ROC curve analysis.ResultsCombined, the measured strong ion difference and SIG accounted for 54–69% of the changes in the measured arterial pH of hospitalized foals. AG and SIG were significantly associated with plasma [l‐lac−] (P < .0001). The receiver operator characteristics (ROC) AUC of AG and SIG for prediction of severe hyper‐l‐lactatemia were 0.89 (95%CI, 0.8–0.95; P < .0001) and 0.90 (95%CI, 0.81–0.96; P < .0001), respectively. Severe hyper‐l‐lactatemia was best predicted by AG > 27 mmol/L (sensitivity 80%, 95%CI, 56–94, specificity 85%, 95%CI, 73–93; P < .0001) and SIG <−15 mmol/L (sensitivity 90%, 95%CI, 68–98; specificity 80%; 95%CI, 68–90; P < .0001).Conclusion and clinical relevanceAltered concentrations of strong ions (Na+, K+, Cl−) and UAs were the primary cause of acidemia of hospitalized foals. AG and SIG were good predictors of hyper‐l‐lactatemia and could be used as surrogate tests.

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Clinical Pathology of the Foal

Cited by 82 publications

References 60 publications

Effects of L-Arginine Supplementation on Lactating Mares and the Development of Foals

Effects of L-Arginine Supplementation on Lactating Mares and the Development of Foals

Evaluation of Some Physical, Haemathological and Clinical Chemistry Parameters in Healthy Newborn Italian Holstein Calves

Physicochemical Approach to Determine the Mechanism for Acid–Base Disorders in 793 Hospitalized Foals

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