Clinical Symptoms of Arboviruses in Mexico

Abstract

Arboviruses such as Chikungunya (CHIKV), Dengue (DENV), and Zika virus (ZIKV) have emerged as a significant public health concern in Mexico. The existing literature lacks evidence regarding the dispersion of arboviruses, thereby limiting public health policy’s ability to integrate the diagnosis, management, and prevention. This study seeks to reveal the clinical symptoms of CHIK, DENV, and ZIKV by age group, region, sex, and time across Mexico. The confirmed cases of CHIKV, DENV, and ZIKV were compiled from January 2012 to March 2020. Demographic characteristics analyzed significant clinical symptoms of confirmed cases. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the association between clinical symptoms and geographical regions. Females and individuals aged 15 and older had higher rates of reported significant symptoms across all three arboviruses. DENV showed a temporal variation of symptoms by regions 3 and 5, whereas ZIKV presented temporal variables in regions 2 and 4. This study revealed unique and overlapping symptoms between CHIKV, DENV, and ZIKV. However, the differentiation of CHIKV, DENV, and ZIKV is difficult, and diagnostic facilities are not available in rural areas. There is a need for adequately trained healthcare staff alongside well-equipped lab facilities, including hematological tests and imaging facilities.

The antiviral effect of metformin on zika and dengue virus infection

“…The first is based on a disparate immune response between sexes to certain infections 37 , 38 . For instance, female sex has been associated with severe DENV 39 and a higher frequency of symptomatic ZIKV infections 40 . In this context, studies with mice have suggested that females are mostly affected by ZIKV 41 .…”

Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Dengue among Physicians: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Survey

“…The four main dengue virus (DENV) serotypes responsible for causing the infection are DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4 [ 5 ]. The infection is primarily characterized by fever, nausea, rash, vomiting, and aches or pains typically behind the eyes, muscles, joints, or bones [ 6 , 7 ]. These symptoms usually last for 2–7 days [ 1 , 3 , 7 ].…”

“…The infection is primarily characterized by fever, nausea, rash, vomiting, and aches or pains typically behind the eyes, muscles, joints, or bones [ 6 , 7 ]. These symptoms usually last for 2–7 days [ 1 , 3 , 7 ]. Sometimes, the infection becomes severe and causes internal bleeding, resulting in dengue hemorrhagic fever (dengue with a warning sign).…”

“…Due to the rapid geographic expansion of Aedes mosquitoes [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ], it is important to have proper knowledge and practices among physicians for dengue fever diagnosis and treatment. Several studies conducted in developing countries revealed that the diagnostic facilities for dengue fever were poor, especially in the rural regions [ 7 , 37 , 38 ]. Because of this, physicians need to have better knowledge and understanding of dengue fever for early detection and management.…”

Molecular Characterization of Associated Pathogens in Febrile Patients during Inter-Epidemic Periods of Urban Arboviral Diseases in Tapachula Southern Mexico

“…Arbovirus is manifested as a wide variety of clinical symptoms in the host that can range from asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic infection to even death [1,2]. During the acute phases of arboviruses such as dengue fever (DENV), chikungunya (CHIKV), and zika (ZIKV), the clinical manifestations are similar [3][4][5][6][7].…”