Clinicophysiological and hematobiochemical effect of dexmedetomidine or diazepam with ketamine and propofol in total intravenous anesthesia in goats

Abstract

Background Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) is a well-documented anesthetic concept for some animal species, including dogs and horses; however, information about TIVA protocols in goats is currently inadequate. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the clinicophysiological and hematobiochemical effects of dexmedetomidine (DEX) and diazepam premedication with ketamine and propofol. Result The DEX-treated group showed a significantly decreased heart rate compared with the diazepam-treated group. Onset of anesthesia and sedation in group I was significantly faster than that in group II (0.33 ± 0.08 and 0.25 ± 0.08 min vs. 3.33 ± 1.53 and 2.0 ± 1.0 min, respectively). Duration of anesthesia and sedation in group I was significantly longer than that in group II (66.67 ± 7.64 and 161.3 ± 43.3 min vs. 37.0 ± 5.19 and 60.33 ± 7.57 min, respectively). The total recovery period in group II was significantly shorter than that in group I (47.0 ± 7.21 vs. 98.33 ± 15.27 min). Smooth induction and recovery occurred in all goats in group I, whereas most goats in group II exhibited slightly prolonged induction with mild excitation and presence of swallowing reflex and prolonged struggling during recovery. Conclusion In TIVA, premedication with DEX produces excellent quality anesthesia, analgesia, sedation, and muscle relaxation. Furthermore, it produces a longer duration of anesthesia, sedation, and analgesia than premedication with diazepam. For these reasons, DEX is more suitable for long surgical procedures, whereas diazepam can be used in minor surgical procedures in goats. Both drug combinations produce hemodynamic stability.

Evaluation of Haematobiochemical and Cardiopulmonary Parameters in Goats Undergoing Orthopedic Surgery Using Total Intravenous Anaesthesia

“…The mixture of anesthetics or sedatives enhanced the analgesic and sedative effect of individual drug (Rauser and Lexmaulova, 2002). Maintenance of total intravenous anesthesia with a combination of diazepam-propofol and ketamine produced a relatively smooth and rapid induction, good muscle relaxation, and better recovery (Ragab et al, 2022). Smooth induction is due to the combined effects of ketamine and propofol which have been also reported in some earlier studies (Matthews et al, 1993;Amin and Najim, 2011).…”

xylazine, ketamine and propofol general anesthesia for laparoscopic intervention in goats

“…Perfect anesthesia is necessary for successful laparoscopic procedures to produce relaxation, immobilization, and unconsciousness. Many anesthetic protocols were discussed for laparoscopic intervention such as local infiltration along the portal sites with sedation or tranquilization (Shin et al, 2008;Dovenski et al, 2012), lumbosacral epidural analgesia (Fazili et al, 2015) and a combination of sedative and anesthetic agents which has been broadly used to achieve optimum analgesia, sedation and muscle relaxation particularly during the complex and prolonged surgical intervention that require whole control of movement and pain during surgery (Ragab et al, 2022) . The balanced anesthetic protocol comprises a combination of drugs that produces a general anesthetic effect with minimal adverse effects on cardiopulmonary function (Akter et al, 2020) .…”