Until now, there is no treatment that cause complete cure of the chronic inflammatory and degenerative disease, osteoarthritis (OA). Moreover, the underlying mechanisms of OA development and progress are not fully elucidated, and the present pharmacological treatment alternatives are restricted and associated with adverse side effects. Thus, the present study was conducted to evaluate the role of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the remedy of OA in the rat model in terms of inflammation, ankle histopathological alterations, and oxidative stress. OA was induced in male Wistar rats by injection of MIA (2 mg)/50 µL isotonic saline in the right ankle joint for two successive days in each rat. After the 2nd MIA injection, the osteoarthritic rats were allocated into two groups such as the MIA group (group 2) and MIA + PRP group (group 3). The MIA + PRP group was treated with PRP (50 µL) by injection into the ankle joint of the right hind limb of each rat at days 14, 21, and 28 after the 2nd injection of MIA. The same equivalent volume of saline, as a substitute of PRP, was injected into the ankle joint of each rat of the normal control group (group 1) and MIA group (group 2) at the same tested periods. Swelling of joint, bodyweight, total leucocytes count (TLC), and morphological as well as histological changes of ankle joints were evaluated. Serum lipid peroxides (LPO), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) levels were examined as biomarkers of oxidative stress. Serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-17 (IL-17), and interleukin-4 (IL-4) were investigated by ELISA as biomarkers of inflammation. In addition, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was carried out to investigate the soft tissues in joints. The obtained results revealed that PRP reduced LPO and increased GSH and GST levels in osteoarthritic rats. Also, PRP significantly diminished serum TNF-α and IL-17 levels, while it increased IL-4 serum levels in rats with MIA-induced OA. Morphological observations, histological analysis, and MRI revealed a gradual diminishing in joint inflammation and destruction of cartilage in PRP-injected osteoarthritic rats. Based on these results, it can be suggested that PRP has antiarthritic potential in MIA-induced OA, which may be mediated via suppression of inflammation and oxidative stress.

Ankle osteoarthritis (OA) is a long-standing inflammatory degeneration disease; until now, its pathogenesis remains ambiguous. There is no complete remedy from OA and the present pharmacological therapy choices are restrained and combined with undesirable side effects. Clinically, Hyaluronic acid (HA) is widely consumed to cure OA. The present experiment aimed to assess the role of HA in the remedy of experimentally Monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced ankle OA in the rat model. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups (each of 10 rats). Rats of group I were injected with 1 mg MIA in the right ankle joint for two successive days, while those of group II were treated with saline instead of MIA; and group III(osteoarthritic + HA) rats were injected with HA in the ankle joint at 2 nd , 3 rd , and 4 th weeks following injection of MIA. Bodyweight, ankle measurement, total leukocytes count (TLC), antioxidant response element (ARE) level, and joint Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) were investigated. HA reduced expressions of joint ARE level. HA also markedly reduced the TLC. The administration of HA decreases ankle measurement in MIA-induced OA rats. MRI of HA showed a gradual reduction in joint damage. These results suggest that HA has improvement effects on OA rats which are assessed through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

Ankle osteoarthritis (OA) is an inflammatory deterioration chronic disease; yet, OA pathogenesis is obscure. There is no absolute cure from OA and the present pharmacological medication options are constrained and associated with adverse aspect effects. Clinically, Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is usually used to cure OA. The present study was designed to evaluate the role of PRP in the treatment of experimentally Monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced ankle osteoarthritis in the rat model. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into three groups (each of 10 rats). Rats of group I were injected with 1 mg MIA in the right ankle joint for two consecutive days, while those of group II were treated with saline instead of MIA; and group III (osteoarthritic +PRP) rats were injected with PRP in the ankle joint at 14, 21, and 28 days after MIA injection. Paw oedema, scoring of arthritis, Matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) level, antioxidant response element (ARE) level, and joint transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF β 1) were evaluated. PRP reduces expression of joint, MMP13, ARE level, and TGF β 1. PRP also significantly reduces the score of arthritis. The administration of PRP decreases paw oedema in MIA-induced OA rats. These results suggest that PRP has marked effect against OA in MIA-induced osteoarthritic rats which are mediated through the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

Introduction: The udder is a very important structural and physiological component in all dairy animals, so the precise knowledge of its normal gross morphology is fundamental for the clinical examination. Objective: The current study aimed to clarify the gross anatomical characteristics and ultrasonographic findings of the udder in Egyptian native breeds of goat (Baladi goat). Materials and Methods: Thirteen healthy Baladi goats during lactation period were grossly investigated and then they were examined through B-mode ultrasonography. Two specimens were used for corrosion casting and the remaining specimens were subjected to the anatomical dissection. Results: The gross anatomical investigation revealed that the udder of goat was consisted of two halves; each one had mammary body and teat, and it was suspended in the ventral abdominal wall and pelvic floor through the medial and lateral suspensory laminae. Moreover, each half was composed of a single mammary unit which included the mammary glandular parenchyma, lactiferous ducts, lactiferous sinus and teat canal ended by a teat orifice. These mammary structures showed variant echogenicity during ultrasonographic examination according to their reflective intensity to the ultrasound. Conclusion: The morphological features and ultrasonographic findings obtained in this study could assist in the further diagnosis of several pathological conditions of the udder of goat.

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