Cloning and expression of cytochrome P450 genes controlling flower colour

Abstract

Blue and violet flowers generally contain derivatives of delphinidin; red and pink flowers generally contain derivatives of cyanidin or pelargonidin. Differences in hydroxylation patterns of these three major classes of anthocyanidins are controlled by the cytochrome P450 enzymes flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase and flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase. Here we report on the isolation of complementary DNA clones of two different flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase genes that are expressed in petunia flowers. Restriction-fragment length polymorphism mapping and complementation of mutant petunia lines showed that the flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase genes correspond to the genetic loci Hf1 and Hf2.

Cloning, expression and characterisation of CYP102A2, a self-sufficient P450 monooxygenase from Bacillus subtilis

“…CYPs play a pivotal role in the synthesis and metabolism of secondary metabolites such as prostaglandins (Berg et al 2003), leucotrienes and thromboxanes (Kupfer & Holm 1989), steroid hormones (el-Monem et al 1972, Sallam et al 1977), insect and plant hormones (Durst & O'Keefe 1995, Feyereisen 1999, or colors and odours in plants (Holton et al 1993). P450 monooxygenases in mammalian liver function as a biological defence system (Goldstein & Faletto 1993), which activate water-insoluble or barely water-soluble compounds for further degradation and elimination.…”

Cinnamate 4‐hydroxylase from Catharanthus roseus and a strategy for the functional expression of plant cytochrome P450 proteins as translational fusions with P450 reductase in Escherichia coli

“…the methods of choice is the heterologous expression followed by functional assays. Plant cells are useful as hosts if mutants are available [6], but in many cases the distinction from resident activities may present a problem. Expression of functionally identified plant P450 in other cells has been reported (e.g.…”

Reconstructing Historical Events that Occurred in the Petunia Hf1 Gene, which Governs Anthocyanin Biosynthesis, and Effects of Artificial Selection by Breeding

“…This enzyme determines the types of floral anthocyanins, either cyanidinseries anthocyanins (cyanidin derivatives expressing salmon to red colors, and peonidin derivatives expressing pink to rose colors) or delphinidin-series anthocyanins (petunidin and malvidin derivatives expressing blue to burgundy colors) (Ando et al 2004). F3′5′H is also encoded by another cytochrome P450 gene, Hf2, but it is expressed only in the corolla-limb and exerts a smaller effect on the flower color than Hf1 (Holton et al 1993, Holton andCornish 1995).…”

“…Petunia is a model system for studying floral anthocyanin biosynthesis, and most of the structural and regulatory genes controlling the biosynthetic pathway have been isolated (Holton et al 1993, Holton and Cornish 1995, Vetten et al 1997, Quattrocchio et al 1998, Spelt et al 2000, Winkel-Shirley 2001. Among the structural genes, the cytochrome P450 gene Hf1 is particularly important for breeding petunias with various floral colors because it encodes a key enzyme, flavonoid 3′, 5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H).…”