Close genetic connectivity of soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum in Indonesia and its implication for marine protected area

Abstract

The genetic connectivity of soft coral is influenced by current and distance between islands. The complexity of islands and geographical region in Indonesia might influence the distribution of soft corals. The information of genetic connectivity can be used to design marine protected areas and to avoid destruction and possible extinction. The objective of the present study was to analyze genetic connectivity of one species of soft coral, Sarcophyton trocheliophorum, in three populations spanning Java, Nusa Tenggara, and Sulawesi's waters, and to describe its implication for marine protected area. The mitochondrial protein-coding gene (750 bp of ND2) was used to analyze genetic population structure and genetic connectivity. Genetic connectivity was found in all populations with Fst value of 0.227 to 0.558, indicating populations had the close genetic relationship. The local and Indonesian currents were expected to distribute the larva to islands as a stepping stone, they moved slowly to spread them self far away. Tanakeke island (Sulawesi population) might be a center connectivity of S. trocheliophorum populations. This island connected with islands in west and east Indonesia, therefore that area need to protect.

Shallow-water hard corals (Hexacorallia: Scleractinia) from Bangka Belitung Islands Waters, Indonesia

“…The coral reefs of the Bangka Belitung Islands were reported experienced to anthropogenic disturbances . Somehow, this condition was also found in the other coastal area in Indonesia (Heery et al, 2018;Annas et al, 2017;Fadli et al, 2014;Fadli et al, 2012;Baird et al, 2012;Kusuma et al, 2016). Reef degradation in Indonesia mainly was caused by land-based pollution and human activities (Edinger and Risk, 2000;Baum et al, 2015;Annas et al, 2017;Putra et al, 2018;Suparno et al, 2019).…”

Site and depth influence on coral reef structure and composition in Seribu Islands, Jakarta

“…Light spectrum intensities is one of the most important abiotic factors and play a role in coral-dinoflagellate symbioses (Schutter et al, 2008;Wijgerde et al, 2014). Dinoflagellate loss affect the corals growth (Kusuma et al, 2016a;Kusuma et al, 2016b). The value of light intensites decreases exponentially with depth (KÜhl et al, 1994).…”

Genetic Population Structure of Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) as Based Data of Fish Conservation in North Mallucas Sea

“…Genetic distance for other tuna species was also reported by Martinez (2006) in Guinea, Canary, Azores, Canada, Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean, Chiang et al, (2008) inter at Cocos island, southeast Indian Ocean, Southwest Indian Ocean, Seychelles , the western Pacific Ocean and the islands of Guinea, Martínez and Zardoya (2005) between the Gulf of Guinea, the Canary Islands, the Azores and Canada located in the Atlantic Ocean, Grewe and Hampton (1998) in Ecuador and the Philippines, Wijana andMahardika (2010) Phiplipina andSpayol, andSuman et al (2013) in the Indian Ocean in western Sumatra and southern parts of Java and Nusa Tenggara. The report about the proximity of genetic distance from other marine species was by Kusuma et al, (2016) onsoft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum in Indonesia, Jefri et al, (2015) with species of Epinephelus spp grouper in Indonesia and Saleky et al (2016) i.e from two species of marine gastropods in Papua, Indonesia. Genetic proximity was strongly influenced by flow patterns, high larval spread, appropriate habitat conditions and migration capabilities (Grant, 1985;Lin and Liu, 2008;White et al, 2010;Akbar et al, 2015;Jefri et al, 2015;Kusuma et al, 2016).…”

“…The report about the proximity of genetic distance from other marine species was by Kusuma et al, (2016) onsoft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum in Indonesia, Jefri et al, (2015) with species of Epinephelus spp grouper in Indonesia and Saleky et al (2016) i.e from two species of marine gastropods in Papua, Indonesia. Genetic proximity was strongly influenced by flow patterns, high larval spread, appropriate habitat conditions and migration capabilities (Grant, 1985;Lin and Liu, 2008;White et al, 2010;Akbar et al, 2015;Jefri et al, 2015;Kusuma et al, 2016). Statistically using pairwise comparison test (Fst) showed a low genetic differentiation between yellowfin tuna populations.…”

“…A large gene flow indicated the interplay of populations (Akbar et al, 2015). In addition to genetic and isolation flow was the impact of geographical distance and complex environmental conditions, thereby enhancing strong genetic relationships and no significant differences between populations (Jefri et al, 2015;Kusuma et al, 2016;Saleky et al, 2016). Population size, physical limitations and migration ability might affect the genetic flow (Bremer et al, 2005;Ely et al 2005;Ward et al 1994;McQuinn 1997;Nesbo et al 2000).…”