Closed-loop control for intensive care unit sedation

Automated Drug Delivery in Anesthesia

“…Various theoretical approaches can be used to adapt the control parameters toward the behavior characteristics of a specific individual. Examples are state estimation, mixed-effects pharmacokinetic or dynamic modeling using Bayesian estimation [33 • , 34], Kalman filtering [35], fuzzy logic [31,36] or other engineering techniques such as neural network applications [37] and reinforced learning [38,39]. Bayesian optimization, as proposed by Sheiner and coworkers [40], individualizes the pharmacodynamic relationship by combining individual information with the knowledge of an a priori probability density function containing the statistical properties of the parameter to be estimated [41].…”

Affective signal processing (ASP) : unraveling the mystery of emotions

“…However, in the field of ASP, we assume the latter instead of the former. Recent application areas include Brain Computer Interfaces (BCI) [486,637,683], medical applications (e.g., sedation of patients [249] and rehabilitation [489]), and, as already mentioned, affective loops [83,288,654].…”

Control in Physiology and Medicine

“…Haddad and Bailey [73] review a number of algorithms that have been used, including PID [74] and adaptive control [75].…”