Cloud model simulations of surface weather elements associated with warm frontal regions of winter storms

Szeto, Kit K.; Stewart, Ronald E.

doi:10.1016/s0169-8095(97)00014-8

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…, 1990). Although the strongest winds and almost all the rainfall are experienced in the same months, strong winds and rainfall do not coincide in the mid‐latitude cyclones passing over Israel (see also Alpert & Ziv, 1989; Szeto & Stewart, 1997; Yumao et al. , 1997; Lutgens & Tarbuck, 2001; Schultz & Trapp, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most sand transport along the Israeli coastline coincides with the strongest winds which occur during the winter months (as found by the authors and by Goldsmith et al, 1990). Although the strongest winds and almost all the rainfall are experienced in the same months, strong winds and rainfall do not coincide in the mid-latitude cyclones passing over Israel (see also Alpert & Ziv, 1989;Szeto & Stewart, 1997;Yumao et al, 1997;Lutgens & Tarbuck, 2001;Schultz & Trapp, 2003). This is explained by the fact that even when the sand is wet, the wind is drying the upper layer of sand grains, enabling them to move, and exposing the moist layer of sand underneath them, which in turn is subjected to desiccation (Jackson & Nordstrom, 1997Cornelis et al, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The spatial and temporal variability of sand erosion across a stabilizing coastal dune field

2006

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This study aimed at quantifying the temporal and spatial variability in sand erosion and deposition over a coastal dune field in Israel. These were measured monthly over 2 years using 315 erosion pins over four transects that were placed perpendicular to the coastline. Vegetation cover was estimated based on aerial photographs and Landsat satellite images, whereas the relative height was based on a digital elevation model. These variables were calculated for the area upwind (south west) of the erosion pins, at various lengths, ranging from 15 to 400 m. Nine geomorphologic units were defined, five related to active units, and four to stabilized units. In active units at least 65% of the temporal variance in the annual absolute changes in sand level was explained by the index of Resultant Drift Potential, with most of the sand movement occurring during winter storms. Local rainfall had no apparent impact on sand mobility, due to the low coincidence of sand carrying winds and rainfall in Israel during the passage of frontal cyclones. As for the spatial variables, only a weak correlation was found between sand mobility with the distance from the coastline (R2 = 18%). Rather, sand erosion and deposition were influenced by vegetation cover and the relative height of an area of 100–200 m upwind. The values of Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index were significantly negatively correlated with annual absolute changes (R2 = 40%), whereas the relative height was significantly positively correlated (R2 = 36%). Applying a multiple regression model, 68% of the spatial variability in sand mobility was explained. The resulting map of sand activity clearly shows that at this stage of the stabilization process, most of the dunes are now disconnected, and movement of sand grains from the beach or between the dunes, is very limited. These methods can be applied into spatial and temporal models of sand mobility, thus assessing the impact of different management practices on coastal dunes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The spatial and temporal variability of sand erosion across a stabilizing coastal dune field

2006

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“…This assumption has little effect on the calculated occurrence, since assuming a permanent snow cover also results in the same percentages. Also shown in Table 1 is the occurrence of blowing snow according to the criteria outlined in Szeto and Stewart (1997), which requires 1 mm of snow cover, a temperature below -2.5°C, and U > 9 m s -1 at 10 m. For all the locations listed, these criteria predict that blowing snow will occur about half as often as predicted by Déry and Yau. At the Resolute location only the net longwave radiation was measured, instead of the required incoming longwave radiation. Since CLASS uses the surface energy balance to solve for the surface temperature (T s ), using the net longwave radiation removes the important iterative feedback of the emitted radiation (σ T s 4 ).…”

Section: Locationsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…ing which blowing snow occurrs is based on the criteria of Déry and Yau (1999a) and Szeto and Stewart (1997 days of missing radiation data, from 24 March to 10 April 10 were replaced. Longwave radiation was replaced with the parametrization of Eq.…”

Section: Locationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On snow depth predictions with the Canadian land surface scheme including a parametrization of blowing snow sublimation

Gordon¹,

Simon²,

Taylor³

2006

Atmosphere-Ocean

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“…On the other hand, WSM are found near the Tropics, where the descending branches of the Hadley cells create favorable conditions for the formation of a subsidence inversion in the so-called trade wind inversion layer [41] and a wind maximum near the inversion. Along the midlatitudes, storms and baroclinicity during each hemisphere's winter tend to prevent persistent WSM formation in general, although non-persistent, frontal WSM have been observed during winter storms [42] but are not relevant for energy production with AWE systems. Along the coastlines of Antarctica and Greenland in their respective summers, strong thermal contrasts between ocean water and frozen land create favorable conditions to the formation of WSM via the thermal wind mechanism.…”

Section: Global Distributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne wind energy: Optimal locations and variability

Archer

Monache

Rife³

2014

Renewable Energy

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This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues.Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. Unlike wind turbines mounted on towers, AWE systems can be automatically raised and lowered to the height of maximum wind speeds, thereby providing a more temporally consistent power production. Most locations on Earth have significant power production potential above the height of conventional turbines. The ideal candidates for AWE farms, however, are where temporally consistent and high wind speeds are found at the lowest possible altitudes, to minimize the drag induced by the tether. A criterion is introduced to identify and characterize regions with wind speeds in excess of 10 m s À1 occurring at least 15% of the time in each month for heights below 3000 m AGL. These features exhibit a jet-like profile with remarkable temporal constancy in many locations and are termed here "wind speed maxima" to distinguish them from diurnally varying low-level jets. Their properties are investigated using global, 40 km-resolution, hourly reanalyses from the National Center for Atmospheric Research's Climate Four Dimensional Data Assimilation, performed over the 1985e2005 period. These wind speed maxima are more ubiquitous than previously thought and can have extraordinarily high wind power densities (up to 15,000 W m À2 ). Three notable examples are the U.S. Great Plains, the oceanic regions near the descending branches of the Hadley cells, and the Somali jet offshore of the horn of Africa. If an intermediate number of AWE systems per unit of land area could be deployed at all locations exhibiting wind speed maxima, without accounting for possible climatic feedbacks or landuse conflicts, then several terawatts of electric power (1 TW ¼ 10 12 W) could be generated, more than enough to provide electricity to all of humanity.

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Cloud model simulations of surface weather elements associated with warm frontal regions of winter storms

Cited by 7 publications

References 37 publications

The spatial and temporal variability of sand erosion across a stabilizing coastal dune field

The spatial and temporal variability of sand erosion across a stabilizing coastal dune field

On snow depth predictions with the Canadian land surface scheme including a parametrization of blowing snow sublimation

Airborne wind energy: Optimal locations and variability

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