Cloudwater chemistry from ten sites in North America

Weathers, Kathleen C.; Likens, Gene E.; Bormann, Franz–Josef; Bicknell, Susan H.; Bormann, Bernard T.; Daube, Bruce C.; Eaton, John S.; Galloway, James N.; Keene, W. C.

doi:10.1021/es00174a004

Cited by 183 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…7 A number of recent studies document that concentrations of organic contaminants (such as formaldehyde, HCHO) that result, at least partially* from human activities, can also be high in fogwater, particularly in urban areas such as Los Angeles, California. 4 ' 6>8~n Fogs that are enriched in toxic organic constituents, such as HCHO, are potentially injurious to human and/or ecosystem health.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 Sampling began when visibility had been <1 km for at least 15 minutes and typically continued for about five hours, unless the fog dissipated earlier. All samples included the middle, but not always the beginning or end, of fog events.…”

Section: Field Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…14 Sulfate and NC>3w ere much enriched in the Corvallis fogwater samples compared to those from Marys Peak (Marys Peak median values = 12.5 and 1.61 juequivLr 1 , respectively), 14 but the Corvallis samples were even more enriched in NH 4 + (Marys Peak median =1.11 juequiv Lr 1 ). The relatively high concentrations of NH 4 + in the Corvallis samples (median = 361 jtequiv Lr 1 ) probably reflect scavenging of NH 3 emitted from agricultural sources in the valley, which then neutralized fogwater acidity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Cations included NH 4 + , H + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , and K+, while anions included NO3~, SO 4 = , Cl~, and PO 4 3~. If the concentration of an ion was less than the minimum detection limit, a value of one-half the detection limit was assigned for calculating ion balances and for all other statistical analyses.…”

Section: _05xmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relatively high concentrations of NH 4 + in the Corvallis samples (median = 361 jtequiv Lr 1 ) probably reflect scavenging of NH 3 emitted from agricultural sources in the valley, which then neutralized fogwater acidity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fogwater Chemistry in a Wood-Burning Community, Western Oregon

Muir

1991

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Field Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: _05xmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fogwater Chemistry in a Wood-Burning Community, Western Oregon

Muir

1991

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Atmospheric deposition to watersheds in complex terrain

Lovett

Bowser²,

Edgerton³

1997

Hydrol. Process.

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Single collection stations for wet or bulk deposition are generally inadequate to describe atmospheric inputs to watersheds in complex terrain. Atmospheric deposition is delivered by wet, dry and cloud deposition processes, and these processes are controlled by a wide range of landscape features, including canopy type and structure, topographic exposure, elevation and slope orientation. As a result, there can be a very high degree of spatial variability within a watershed, and a single sampling point, especially at low elevation, is unlikely to be representative. Atmospheric inputs at the watershed scale can be calculated from the whole watershed mass balance if the outputs and within-watershed sources and sinks are known with sucient accuracy. Alternatively, indices of atmospheric deposition such as Pb accumulation in the forest¯oor and SO 2 À 4¯u x in throughfall can be used to characterize patterns of total deposition, and these indices can be used to model deposition to the entire watershed based on known landscape features such as elevation and canopy type.

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Phosphorus input through fog deposition in a dry tropical forest

et al. 2015

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In many tropical forests, where phosphorus (P) is considered a limiting nutrient, atmospheric deposition can contribute significantly to available P. Previous studies have shown that P inputs from atmospheric deposition are enhanced by plant canopies. This effect is explained as the result of increased deposition of P-rich aerosol particles (dry deposition) and fog droplets (fog or "occult" deposition) onto leaf surfaces. Here we studied the importance of fog as a source of P to a P-limited dry tropical forest. Throughout an 80 day period during the dry season when fog is most common, we sampled fog water and bulk precipitation in a clearing and measured leaf wetness and throughfall in an adjacent secondary and mature forest stand. During the study period, total P (P T ) concentrations in fog water ranged from 0.15 to 6.40 mg/L, on average fourteenfold greater than P T concentrations in bulk precipitation (0.011 to 0.451 mg/L), and sixfold and sevenfold greater than throughfall P T concentrations in the secondary and mature forest stands, respectively (0.007 to 1.319 mg/L; 0.009 to 0.443 mg/L). Based on leaf area index, the frequency of fog deposition, and amount of water deposited per fog event, we estimate that fog delivers a maximum of 1.01 kg/ha/yr to secondary forest stands and 1.75 kg/ha/yr to mature forest stands, compared to 0.88 kg/ha/yr to secondary forest stands and 1.98 kg/ha/yr to mature forest stands via throughfall (wet + dry deposition) and stemflow. Thus, fog deposition may contribute substantially to available P in tropical dry forests. ]. Furthermore, fog that occurs during the dry season, when rain is scarce, may be especially important to sustaining productivity [Dawson, 1998]. However, few studies have quantified fog P inputs, particularly in forests at the dry end of the tropical forest precipitation spectrum where seasonal variability in rainfall and fog is more pronounced.

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Cloudwater chemistry from ten sites in North America

Cited by 183 publications

References 25 publications

Fogwater Chemistry in a Wood-Burning Community, Western Oregon

Fogwater Chemistry in a Wood-Burning Community, Western Oregon

Atmospheric deposition to watersheds in complex terrain

Phosphorus input through fog deposition in a dry tropical forest

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