CMOS Cell Sensors for Point-of-Care Diagnostics

Abstract

The burden of health-care related services in a global era with continuously increasing population and inefficient dissipation of the resources requires effective solutions. From this perspective, point-of-care diagnostics is a demanded field in clinics. It is also necessary both for prompt diagnosis and for providing health services evenly throughout the population, including the rural districts. The requirements can only be fulfilled by technologies whose productivity has already been proven, such as complementary metal-oxide-semiconductors (CMOS). CMOS-based products can enable clinical tests in a fast, simple, safe, and reliable manner, with improved sensitivities. Portability due to diminished sensor dimensions and compactness of the test set-ups, along with low sample and power consumption, is another vital feature. CMOS-based sensors for cell studies have the potential to become essential counterparts of point-of-care diagnostics technologies. Hence, this review attempts to inform on the sensors fabricated with CMOS technology for point-of-care diagnostic studies, with a focus on CMOS image sensors and capacitance sensors for cell studies.

Point of Care Technologies for HIV

“…Extensive use of CMOS-based sensors in DNA diagnostics [113, 114] and commercialization of CMOS-based DNA sequencing systems (Ion Torrent Systems) [115] is already promising for the involvement of CMOS-based cell detection systems in medical applications.…”

A chemiluminescent platform for smartphone monitoring of H 2 O 2 in human exhaled breath condensates

“…Many smartphones are equipped with sensitive complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) based cameras and processing capabilities that poise them to be situated as central components of low-cost platforms for clinical monitoring [24,25]. The key implementation challenge is designing effective analytical assays that can interface and be accurately and sensitively read with a smartphone device.…”

Overview of CMOS image sensor use in molecular diagnostics

“…However, their expensive instrumental costs make them feasible only in urbanized areas, and less expensive hand-held instruments for on-site monitoring are the most effective way to reach remote areas anyway. As a result, CMOS sensors are mainly used for analyzing protein interactions as a standard laboratory analytical tool and POC monitoring system [8]. Moreover, CMOS sensor-based immunoassays are capable of providing results within 15 min by the direct optical detection method with high sensitivity and a smaller amount of sample [78].…”

“…Moreover, the sensor can be integrated with hardware and software electronic circuit to create a new kind of sensor [7]. Nowadays, CMOS technology plays a considerable role in biosensing applications due to their transducer implementation, reduced power consumption, high signal-to-noise ratio, camera-on-chip integration, miniaturization, user-friendliness, and availability in mobile phone cameras [8]. In that respect, integration of CMOS sensors with bioanalytical techniques has resulted in the formation of highly sensitive bioanalytical sensors used in optical bioimagery [9], digital monitoring [10], nanoscopy [11], and fluorescence microscopy [12,13] as well as electrochemical sensors of ISFET [14] and BioFET [15], conduction or impedance sensors [16,17], and MOSFET sensors [18].…”

“…Moreover, this review attempts to summarize CMOS sensor-based molecular diagnostic techniques focused on DNA analysis [21], protein interactions [22], and monitoring of metabolic molecules [23,24] with a central focus towards enhancement of a point-of-care (POC) monitoring system. CMOS sensor chips have been established to develop DNA chips [25], protein microarrays [22], and photo sensor arrays [8], which are applied to DNA and RNA hybridization, antigeneantibody (AgeAb) interactions, bioimaging, and luminescence detection, etc. [26,27].…”