“…Considering the fact that universities, as knowledge providers, are linked to regional development at a larger scale (Karlsen et al, 2017), knowledge of what enables industry actors to use knowledge is crucial in realising innovation potential in university-industry collaborations. This brings us to the concept of co-creation, which describes processes in which producers, users, companies and external actors collaborate to create new value (Payne et al, 2008;Tekic & Willoughby, 2019;Vargo et al, 2008). The value co-creation literature conceptualises innovation as one potential outcome of the 'co-creation or collaborative recombination of practices that provide novel solutions for new or existing problems' (Vargo et al, 2015, p. 70), involving 'the joint creation of value by the firm and its network of various entities (such as customers, suppliers and distributors), which are termed actors' (Perks et al, 2012, p. 395).…”