The aim of this study is to understand more about how identification of international opportunities differs between native and immigrant entrepreneurs. Based on a survey of 116 immigrant and 864 native Norwegian entrepreneurs with newly registered firms, we show that immigrant entrepreneurs are more likely to identify international opportunities than native entrepreneurs are. We reveal important differences in the identification process between native and immigrant entrepreneurs. Whereas general human capital has a significant positive effect on international opportunity identification for native entrepreneurs, we cannot find the same effect among immigrant entrepreneurs. Moreover, although financial capital positively influences international opportunity identification among native entrepreneurs, the same effect is significantly negative among immigrant entrepreneurs. Based on these findings, we conclude that native and immigrant entrepreneurs do not utilise the same resources to identify international opportunities. This study contributes to the literature on international entrepreneurship by documenting significant differences in how native and immigrant entrepreneurs identify international opportunities. It also contributes to immigrant entrepreneurship literature by bringing the opportunity-based view of entrepreneurship into the field.Resumen Este estudio responde a la interrogante de cómo la identificación de oportunidades internacionales difiere entre emprendedores inmigrantes y nativos. Para ello se utilizó datos de encuesta dirigida a emprendedores quienes recientemente registraron sus empresas. La muestra consistió en 116 emprendedores inmigrantes y 864 emprendedores noruegos. Los resultados indican que los emprendedores inmigrantes son más propensos a identificar oportunidades internacionales que sus pares noruegos. Asimismo, se obtuvieron diferencias importantes en el proceso de identificación de oportunidades entre emprendedores nativos e inmigrantes. En primer lugar, el capital humano tiene un efecto positivo y significativo en la identificación de oportunidades internacionales para los emprendedores nativos pero no para los emprendedores inmigrantes. En segundo lugar, el capital financiero influencia de manera positiva la identificación de oportunidades internacionales para emprendedores nativos, al contrario, los emprendedores inmigrantes reciben una influencia negativa del mismo efecto. En base a estos resultados, se concluye que los emprendedores nativos e inmigrantes no recurren a los mismos recursos para identificar oportunidades internacionales. A la vez, este artículo contribuye a la literatura de emprendedurismo sobre inmigrantes al integrar la perspectiva de emprendedurismo basado en oportunidades.Palabras claves Oportunidades internacionales; emprendedurismo internacional; emprendedurismo inmigrante; visión basada en recursos; capital financiero; Noruega.

Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to provide new insight concerning a relatively understudied phenomenon in the medium sized enterprise (SME) internationalisation and international entrepreneurship literature; the internationalisation of firms crossing the border to only one adjacent foreign country. These firms are called border firms. This study explores the variety of internationalisation patterns of border firms. Design/methodology/approach -The study is based on theoretical perspectives related to speed of internationalisation and country embeddedness, and uses empirical data from seven Norwegian case companies operating across the border between Norway and Russia. Findings -Three different internationalisation patterns of border firms are empirically identified and described; an early single-country path, a born-again border path and a born border path. Then, a model of the distinctive cross-border pathway is developed. Research limitations/implications -Several limitations of this study have implications for further research, such as sample size and setting, the new perspective on country embeddedness and questions related to generalisation of the findings. Practical implications -The study has implications for both entrepreneurs and policy-makers. It demonstrates that internationalisation is not always about "going global" and is sometimes simply a matter of "hopping" across the nearest border. The model demonstrates different possible patterns for how to achieve or support this in practice. Originality/value -This study contributes to theory-building in the field of SME internationalisation and international entrepreneurship in three ways. First, it identifies and defines an interesting but neglected type of international venture; border firms. Second, it explores the different start-up patterns of these firms, their speed and embeddedness. Third, it offers a theoretical framework of the distinct cross-border pathway of internationalisation.

This study explores value co-creation in university industry collaborations. The study is inspired by the constructivist approach to grounded theory and self-ethnography and based on interviews with 27 informants (eleven industry mentors and 16 academics) engaged in university industry collaborations. The findings suggest that co-creation depends on knowledge readiness and knowledge readiness develops through an interplay between temporary geographical and cognitive proximity. This study contributes to the existing literature on value co-creation, university industry collaborations, and proximity as follows: first, we shed light on the use of the co-creation perspective to enhance understandings of how value can be co-created in university industry collaborations. Second, we introduce the concept of knowledge readiness and demonstrate that co-creation in university industry collaborations between academics and industry mentors rests on knowledge readiness. Knowledge readiness concerns knowledge use and develops in the interplay between temporary geographical and cognitive proximity. We describe knowledge readiness as a subdimension of cognitive proximity. Knowledge readiness takes time to develop and is important for value co-creation and, subsequently, innovation in university industry collaborations.

This study explores how tourism entrepreneurs change their business models during a crisis. By adopting dynamic capabilities as integral to business model change, this qualitative study explores how entrepreneurs change business models to meet a crisis, and proposes a taxonomy of important entrepreneurial practices underlying dynamic capabilities. This study empirically examines seven small companies operating in the nature-based tourism industry in Norway. Focusing on dynamic capabilities, whether innovative or adaptive, the findings suggest 12 dynamic capability-based entrepreneurial practices that are categorized as resource-, market, and technology-related practices. This study contributes to the literature by integrating business model innovation and dynamic capabilities in tourism crisis management.

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