Co‐infection assessment in HBV, HCV, and HIV patients in Western Saudi Arabia

Abstract

To estimate the prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed coinfections among HIV, HBV, and HCV infected patients. Retrospective analysis of laboratory records for HIV, HBV, and HCV patients presenting at the HIV outpatient clinic. Serological data including hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg), hepatitis B e-antibody (anti-HBe), antibodies to HIV and HCV, anti-toxoplasmosis IgG and IgM antibodies, and anti-syphilis antibodies (VDRL) were collected. We obtained data for 628 (218 HCV, 268 HBV, and 142 HIV) patients. Male-to-female ratios were 1:1 for HCV, 3:4 for HBV, and 5:3 for HIV. Age means (SD) were 54.24 (16.40), 44.53 (18.83), and 40.39 (15.92) years for HCV, HBV, and HIV, respectively. In HIV group, the prevalence of HBV and HCV coinfections was 8.5% and 2.8%, respectively. In HBV group, the prevalence of HCV and HIV coinfections was 1.1% and 1.5%, respectively. In HCV group, HIV or HBV coinfections occurred at the same frequency (1.4%). An absence of screening for coinfections was detected in 7.0-48.5% patients as per the group and the infectious agent; which represents an estimated proportion of 20 out of 1,000 patients with an undiagnosed coinfection. Despite a relatively low prevalence of coinfections, a significant proportion of cases remain undiagnosed because of a lack of systematic screening. J. Med. Virol. 88:1545-1551, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

High prevalence of syphilis, HBV, and HCV co‐infection, and low rate of effective vaccination against hepatitis B in HIV‐infected patients in West China hospital

“…And More HCV infection was in IDUs and was higher than HIV infection . However in the high‐income countries, HBV infection mainly through sexually transmission, and HCV transmitted through intravenous drug user and MSM . The eastern China had the highest prevalence of HIV/HBV co‐infection (14.5%), while the Central region had the lowest of 5.0%.…”

“…HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and Syphilis induce global public health problems, and they can increase the risk of HIV infection and even worsen prognosis of the disease . Though single infection with any of these pathogens arouses a significant health concern, the further increasing morbidity and mortality are observed in so many cases of co‐infections . Both HIV with HBV (HBV/HIV) or/and HCV (HCV/HIV) co‐infections are highly prevalent in Asia, especially in China, as in other low and middle‐income countries.…”

Epidemiological Features and Risk Factors for Acquiring Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Syphilis in HIV-Infected Patients in Shaanxi Province, Northwest China

“…Increasing morbidity and mortality have been observed in a growing number of co-infected cases, although a single infection with any of the pathogens can cause serious health problems [7]. Co-morbidities such as chronic liver disease, which are caused by HBV and HCV, are considered to be serious problems among HIV-positive individuals [8].…”

Cluster of differentiation 4+ T-cell counts and human immunodeficiency virus-1 viral load in patients coinfected with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus

“…[ 13 ] Studies from North India have reported lower percentage of coinfection; Delhi reported 3.6%–7.28% HBV and 0.2%–2.2% HCV,[ 14 15 ] Agra reported 9% HBV coinfections,[ 16 ] Kolkata reported 11.3% HBV and 1.9% HCV coinfection,[ 17 ] and Chhattisgarh reported 6% HBV and 2% HCV,[ 18 ] whereas very high prevalence rates have been reported from the USA, i.e., 30%–50%,[ 19 ] and 8.5% HIV-HBV and 2.8% HIV-HCV from western region of Saudi Arabia. [ 20 ]…”