Co-infection in COVID-19, a cohort study

Abstract

Co-infection in COVID-19, a cohort study Dear editor, Co-infection in COVID-19 patients may inflence the outcome of the disease and needs more attention and investigations. In this journal, Lansbury and colleges reported a meta-analysis of coinfections in COVID-19 patients. 1 In this study, we investigated a COVID-19 cohort in Shanghai, China. We screened viruses include Human parainfluenza virus 1, Human parainfluenza virus 2, Human parainfluenza virus 3, Human parainfluenza virus4, Influenza A virus, Influenza B virus, Human rhinovirus, Human metapneumovirus, Human respiratory syncytial virus, Human Bocavirus, Human adenovirus, Human Coronavirus 229E, Human Coronavirus NL63, Human Coronavirus HKU1, Human Coronavirus OC43; bacteria include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Moraxella catarrhalis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Legionella pneumophila, Group A Streptococcus, Haemophilus influenza, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, Streptococcus pneumonia, Klebsiella.peneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Mycoplasma pneumonia, Chlamydia pneumonia by a taqman-based real time PCR methods. Eighty-nine patients were enrolled with disease outcomes include mild, moderate, severe and critical (Chinese clinical guidance for COVID-19 pneumonia diagnosis and treatment (7th edition) published by China National Health Commission on March 4, 2020.

Coinfections with Other Respiratory Pathogens among Patients with COVID-19

“… Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella spp. were the most commonly identified bacteria in patients with SARS-CoV-2, which agrees with previous reports ( 4 , 5 , 18 , 21 ). These bacteria may significantly complicate infections in COVID-19 patients, especially in an ICU setting.…”

Coinfections with Bacteria, Fungi, and Respiratory Viruses in Patients with SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…The majority of the studies were single center and only 24 studies were multi-center. Laboratory techniques for co-pathogen detection within studies included 19 that used respiratory samples and RT-PCR tests [ 4 , 5 , 8 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 29 , 33 , 37 , 38 , 53 , 55 , 58 , 59 , 62 , 63 , 66 , 70 , 80 ], 17 that used serologic tests (antibodies) [ 6 , 10 , 14 , 19 , 24 , 31 , 32 , 35 , 36 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 50 , 52 , 60 , 64 , 68 ], 15 that used RT-PCR tests with respiratory and/or blood cultures [ 7 , 9 , 17 , 18 , 23 , 26 , 28 , 34 , 39 , 42 , 51 , 56 , 57 , 65 ,…”

“…Of the initial 7317 retrieved publications, there were 4609 duplicate articles, and 2080 articles were found to be irrelevant based on their titles and abstracts and were excluded. An additional 1065 articles were excluded after review, meaning that we included 72 articles in the systematic review [80][81][82], while 68 articles were included in the meta-analysis [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][39][40][41][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][80][81][82] (Figure 1).…”

“…Thus, timely diagnosis is important to initiate appropriate therapy and limit the overuse of antimicrobial agents. Previous studies, including case series [2,5,8,11,[14][15][16]19,20,, cohort studies [3,4,6,7,9,10,12,13,17,18,21,22,[51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70], and meta-analyses [71][72][73], have shown variable results. In light of recent studies evaluating coinfections in SARS-CoV-2 patients, we aimed to re-evaluate the prevalence of bacterial, fungal, and respiratory viral coinfections in a comprehensive meta-analysis.…”

The Complexity of Co-Infections in the Era of COVID-19

“…Several themes emerge. Generally, the co-infection frequency with other viral pathogens is low[47,58,61,63,[67][68][69][74][75][76][77][78]. One systematic review identified a relatively low incidence of viral coinfection (~3%)…”