Co-liquefaction of swine manure and mixed-culture algal biomass from a wastewater treatment system to produce bio-crude oil

An investigation of reaction pathways of hydrothermal liquefaction using Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Spirulina platensis

“…Biller et al [43] studied the hydrothermal processing of soya oil. They reported that using the Ni/Al 2 O 3 catalyst the fatty acids generated range from dodecanoic acid (C 12 [44] investigated the hydrothermal processing of sunflower oil in water, which were all detected in this study as well. Although the fatty acids are relative stable, they can be partly hydrothermally decomposed to produce long-chained hydrocarbons through decarboxylation.…”

“…Additionally, Tables S3 and S4 illustrated that nitrogenous organic compounds (NOCs) were detected in all aqueous fraction samples, such as 2-pyrrolidinone (RT 7.58), 2-piperidinone (RT 27.03) and 3-pyridinol (RT 31.80), which are typical NOCs detected in the HTL process of microalgae [7,11,12,30]. The results indicated that many classes of NOCs with methyl groups were detected, such as pyrazine, methyl-(RT 7.58), 2,5-PyrrolidinSedione, 1-methyl-(RT 22.67) and 3-pyridinol, 6-methyl-(RT 31.51) in aqueous fraction of CP and SP.…”

“…The toluene insoluble fraction was oven dried and defined as the solid residue. More details regarding the separation process have also been reported in previous studies [6,12]. The current study focused on the two most important HTL product fractions, including bio-crude oil and aqueous fraction, which were analyzed using spectra analysis, including GC-MS and 1 H NMR.…”

“…Literature [11][12][13][14][15] shows that the properties of the feedstock and reaction temperature are the two significant factors affecting the reaction pathways of HTL. Therefore, two low-lipid microalgae with different contents of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates, including Chlorella pyrenoidosa (CP) and Spirulina platensis (SP), were selected in the present study.…”

Characterization of aqueous phase from the hydrothermal liquefaction of Chlorella pyrenoidosa

“…This team dedicated to studying a novel system for biofuel production that synergistically integrates nutrient recycling for algae cultivation with HTL of microalgae into bio-crude oil, which is referred to as ''Environment-Enhancing Energy (E 2 -Energy)''. This approach has been discussed in detail in our previous publication (Yu et al, 2011a;Zhou et al, 2013;Gai et al, 2014;Chen et al, 2014a;Chen et al, 2014b). It showed that E 2 -Energy can amplify the biomass and biofuel production from wastewater by up to 10 times, which gives it the potential to replace all U.S. petroleum imports using only current wastewater feedstocks and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere or point sources.…”