Co-occurrence of mycoflora, aflatoxins and fumonisins in maize and rice seeds from markets of different districts in Cairo, Egypt

Abstract

The mycoflora and mycotoxins contamination of commercial maize and rice grains collected from local markets of the major five zones of the province of Cairo, Egypt, represented by 20 different districts were studied. A total number of about 23 species belonging to 12 different genera of fungi were isolated and identified. About 70% of the samples were infected with Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger, with percentages of 33%, 40% recovered from maize and 46%, 27% recovered from rice, respectively. The percentages of infection of maize ranged from 16% to 142%. The percentages of infection of rice seeds ranged from 6% to 93%. Total aflatoxins and fumonisins detected in maize averaged 9.75 and 33 µg/kg, respectively. Total aflatoxins and fumonisins detected in rice averaged 5.15 and 1014 µg/kg, respectively.

Occurrence of multiple mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites in animal feed and maize samples from Egypt using LC‐MS/MS

“…AFB2 in maize was quantified in four samples, with a maximum level of 9.8 µg kg −1 . The current findings confirm the presence of AFB1 in maize from Egypt at levels higher than the national and international limits, which are in line with previous reports from Cairo, where up to 19.2 µg kg −1 of AFB1 was detected by Madbouly et al . and also from Assiut, where 21.8 µg kg −1 was detected by Nooh et al…”

“…20 AFB2 in maize was quantified in four samples, with a maximum level of 9.8 μg kg −1 . The current findings confirm the presence of AFB1 in maize from Egypt at levels higher than the national and international limits, which are in line with previous reports from Cairo, where up to 19.2 μg kg −1 of AFB1 was detected by Madbouly et al 34 and also from Assiut, where 21.8 μg kg −1 was detected by Nooh et al 31 The AFB1 level in feed was lower than that previously reported in feedstuff from different regions in Egypt, where up to 400 μg kg −1 was detected 32 and from Assiut, where 60 μg kg −1 was detected. 27 AFM1, the hydroxylated form of AFB1, is not frequently detected in maize samples; however, traces of this metabolite from Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus along with high AFB1 concentrations were observed during analysis.…”

“…In a previous study, Salem and Ramadan reported higher levels of FBs in raw corn samples from Assiut (14.1 mg kg −1 ), although they did not distinguish between the different types of detected FBs . Other studies documented lower levels of contamination than those in the present survey: FB1, 947 µg kg −1 and FB2, 310 µg kg −1 from Cairo districts by Madbouly et al . and FB1, 1915 µg kg −1 from Dakahlia City by Nooh et al .…”

“…7,8,12 In a previous study, Salem and Ramadan 28 reported higher levels of FBs in raw corn samples from Assiut (14.1 mg kg −1 ), although they did not distinguish between the different types of detected FBs. 28 Other studies documented lower levels of contamination than those in the present survey: FB1, 947 μg kg −1 and FB2, 310 μg kg −1 from Cairo districts by Madbouly et al 34 and FB1, 1915 μg kg −1 from Dakahlia City by Nooh et al 31 A recent report from Nigeria observed the presence of FBs in maize samples at higher levels: FB1 (8222 μg kg −1 ), FB2 (2885 μg kg −1 ) and FB3 (445 μg kg −1 ) for the maximum concentrations. 35 The hydrolysed fumonisin B1 (HFB1), also named aminopentol, was determined in 8% of maize and 40% of feed samples.…”

Aflatoxins biosynthesis, toxicity and intervention strategies: A review

“…The co-existance of AFTs and fumonisins has been widely reported in maize from several countries including Argentina (Broggi et al, 2007;Garrido et al, 2012), Brazil (Moreno et al, 2009), Burkina Faso (Warth et al, 2012), Cameroon (Njumbe Ediage et al, 2014, China (Sun et al, 2011), Cote D'Ivoire (Sangare-Tigori et al, 2006), Croatia (Klaric et al, 2009), Egypt (Madbouly et al, 2012), Ghana (Kpodo et al, 2000), India (Shetty andBhat, 1997), Italy (Covarelli et al, 2011), Mozambique (Warth et al, 2012), Serbia (Krnjaja et al, 2013), South Africa (Chilaka et al, 2012, Tanzania (Kimanya et al, 2008), Turkey (Oruc et al, 2006), USA (Chamberlain et al, 1993) and Vietnam (Trung et al, 2008). Furthermore, AF and citrinin have also been concurrently identified in different food and feed ingredients (Garon et al, 2006;Richard et al, 2009).…”